impact of latex and plant extract of and the recovery of latex toxicity ...

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ain. Latex treated fishes were rather more affected than plant extract treated fishes. The fluctuation and increase of acid phosphatase activity encountered in the three sublethal concentrations of latex and plant extract of Calorropts giga~i~ea corresponds to the observation made by Singh and Singh(2OOS);Usha Kaisabhatjao and Vibhuti Rai (1993). Sabita Borah and Yadav (1996) reported increased in acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in gills exposed to pest~cide rogor In Heteropneustes fossrlis. Similar observations were reported by Josephine Paulina(2003) In the sub-lethal concentrations of latex of Calotropis grgantea and in Anabas testudineus exposed to monocrotophos(Santha Kumar,1998) .The enhanced acid phosphatase might be due to the increase in active uptake of ions through gills.Mullainathan (1982) reported that gill form a major site of accumulation of foreign substances. The hlgher activity of the acid phosphatase might have ~nfluenced the changes in the energy supply of metabolites and it was associated w~th carbohydrate metabolisrnSwamy et aL, (1992a) reported increased acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat brains, exposed to monocrotophos.Alkaline phosphatase is brush border enzyme that splits various phospho esters at alkaline pH and mediates membrane transport (Goldfisher et aL, 1964) and involved in transphvsphorylation reactions (Srinivasulu Reddy et aL, 199l).Alkaline phosphatase has also been shown to be involved in active transport (Danielli, 1972), glycogen metabolism (Reddy and Rao, 1988), protein synthesis (Pilo et aL, 1972), secretory activity (Ibrahim et aL, 1974) and in synthesis of certain enzymes (Summer, 1965). Any change in the alkalina phosphatase activity will affect the physiological and biochemical pathways of animals .Increased alkaline phosphatase activity may be indicative of an adaptive rise in enzyme activity to the persistent stress (Murphy and Porter,1966) as observed in giils, liver and brain .Acid and alkaline phosphatase present in nucleolus are reported to be involved in the synthesis of nucleic acid (Con and Griffin, 1965) and thus any change in the activities of these enzymes also disturbs the protein synthesis (Srinivasulu Reddy et al, 1991). The behavior of phosphatase activity observed in gills,liver and brain in the present study may be due to the toxic effect of latex and plant extract of
Calolropis gigantea, by which the cellular membranes and lysosomal membrane might have been ruptured (Singh and Singh,tOOS; Dalela et aL, 1978) or due to tissue inflammatory reaction of toxin , increased transphophorylation activity of the tissue (Sastry and Sharma, 1978) may also be a factor, elevation in both phosphatase enzyme activity was observed in gills, liver and brain. Alkaline phosphatase contains a serine residue at its active site (Mahendra and Aganval, 1983) and organo phosphorous insecticides are reported to the potent inhibitors of serine containing enzymes.Bel1 er aL,(l970) and Rama Rao et al(1996) reported increase in activity of alkaline phosphatase in the liver in fish, Sartherodon mossambicus exposed to sublethal concentration of carbon tetrachloride .The phosphatases can be consider as metabolic scavengers which break down the nonfunctional biomolecules to their respective monomeric units to be utilised for other physiological and metabolic functions(Rama Rao et aL, 1996). The increased activity of alkaline phosphatase indicated increased cleavage of high energy bonds. The phosphate system comes into operation when the tissue is facing energy crisis (Rama Rao er aL, 1996). Gill er aL, 0990).1t was reported increased in acid and alkaline phosphatase zctivity in fish, Ciarim batrachus exposed to acephate. Ahamad Figar et al, (1995) reported increased hepatic acid phosphate increase after two weeks and decreased at the end of four weeks in fish, Chinese grass carp exposed to Danitol. The most probable reason for the decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase observed in liuer,in present study could be uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Dalela et aL, 1980: Vermo et aL, 1980). Simon (1953) stated that concentrations higher than those needed to prevent oxidative phosphorylation could injure mitochondrial system so as to block the action of enzymes concerned with oxidative metabolism.Action of uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation has been pointed out on the basis of chemical (Pressman, 1963) and chemiosmotic (Mitchel, 1961) interactions. According to Pressman (1963) uncoupling promote the conductivity of protons within mitochondrial membranes and subsequently prevent a gradient across the membrane. Weinbach and Garbus (1969) suggested that
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IMPACT OF LATEX AND PLANT EXTRACT O
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Dr. KADEM RAMUDU ~ecturer in Zoolog
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 eprers y dup sen
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CONTENTS PAGE NO 1. INTRODUCTION 1-
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Table.10 Acid Phosphatase Activity
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Figure.9: Acetyl Cholinesterase Act
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INTRODUCTION The word 'aquaculture'
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world. This indeed is an enviable p
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gills, liver, RBC's, stomach, kidne
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16 Basd ocimum bar,llc,i,,r Lam,aca
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GUls: In take of the pesticides var
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE Aquatlc an~mal
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younger ones) with fine appressed c
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cytotoxic activity (Smith et aL.199
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abbit, dog,donkey which showed incr
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Bmgllitre of toxaphene produced cha
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carbohydrate and lipids play a majo
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of microridges,shrinkage of blood c
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CHARACTERISTICS OF TOXIC BIOACTIVE
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 532.63 USE: AFRIC
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 587 733 BlOLOGlCA
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Disinfection: All the tanks were di
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in the normal survival of organisms
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I" day (when mortality in higher co
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when surfaced to breathe. The fish
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includes hemoglobin content (Hb), o
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pipette was kept in a horizontal po
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changes in protein as a function of
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Procedure: From the tissue extract
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paper. To the precipitate 1 ml of d
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Principle: Para nitrophenyl Phospha
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Procedure: To the tubes labeled 'te
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Procedure The assay mixture in a fi
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775-800 mg of histidine was dissolv
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3.5 HISTOPATHOLOGY Living organisms
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RESULTS TOXICITY TESTS with Anabas
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Impact on Surfacing behaviour, Dist
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fish;their was an increase in value
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Brain: Significant changes in prote
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Brain : The Acid Phosphatase activi
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fish were significant at P
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Liver : Trend observed in liver was
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ecome irregular while the epithelia
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TABLE-2 : CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER U
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TABLE5 : SAFE CONCENTRATION OF LATE
Page 103 and 104: able-15 : Effect Of Latex+ Suppleme
Page 105 and 106: Figure-] : Prohit Mortality Plotted
Page 112 and 113: LIVER BRAIN GILL LIVER BRAIN GILL L
Page 119 and 120: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PLATES ASL BC
Page 121 and 122: PLATE .A
Page 123 and 124: PLATE ,I CONTROL TU 1
Page 125 and 126: CONTROL PLATE. 2
Page 127 and 128: PLATE .3 CONTROL TU 1
Page 135 and 136: PLATE .7 CONTROL TII r
Page 137 and 138: PLATE .8
Page 141 and 142: eathing fish have a higher LCSO val
Page 143 and 144: of Calotropis gigantean (Preetha Ku
Page 145 and 146: decrease in the Hb concentration, e
Page 147 and 148: Kumar,1998;JosphenePau1ina,2003;Pre
Page 149 and 150: (Berger et aL, 1983). Depletion of
Page 151: insecticide toxic stress (Koundinya
Page 155 and 156: esult in the excessive accumulation
Page 157 and 158: significant. However, certain amoun
Page 159 and 160: controlling centre for all function
Page 161 and 162: cells and development vacuoles are
Page 163: 1977) and Myslur tengara exposed to
Page 167 and 168: movements in the treated than in th
Page 169 and 170: and histopathological parameters in
Page 171 and 172: REFERENCES Abassi and Sujata Krishn
Page 173 and 174: Bansal S.K.and Desaiah,D.( 1982) Ch
Page 175 and 176: Chowdhary B.P.,Pandy,P.K and Dubey,
Page 177 and 178: Di Michele .L and Taylor,M.H (1978)
Page 179 and 180: Goldiisher,S. Osser,E. and Novikoff
Page 181 and 182: Johanson,D.W.( 1968) Pesticides and
Page 183 and 184: Larhsini .M,Markoak.M, Jaouhari.J.T
Page 185 and 186: Mukbopadbyay and Dehadrai (1979) Fi
Page 187 and 188: Pressman,B.C(1963) 1n:Energy linked
Page 189 and 190: Sadhu,D.N(1993)Toxicity of monocil
Page 191 and 192: Singh N.N,Das.V.K and Srivsstsva A.
Page 193 and 194: Take0.S and Sakanashi .M(1985) Char
Page 195: Wedemeyer, G.(1969) Stress induced
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