impact of latex and plant extract of and the recovery of latex toxicity ...

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shrubs or small trees, commonly known as the swallow wort or milkweed.The plant is poisonous.(Azariah el a1,.1988 ;The Wealth of India,1992) . Classical and Common names: Sanskrit - Arka; Alarka; Mandara; Surya pattra; Eng - Gigantic; Swallowwort; Mudar; H~nd.- Madar; Ak. Ben.BrBom. - Akanda. Pers. - Khok; Kark. Guj.-Akado. Mab - Ruvi; Akda; Akra. Te1.-Mandaramu; Ekke; Jilledu; Arkamu. Tam - Badabada; Erukku; Yercum. Mal-Erikka. Can. Ekkemale. Sind. - Byclospa. Fr -Arbre-a - Soie. Geographical distribution Calotropis is distributed in tropical and sub-tropical Asia and Africa ,such as Sri Lanka, India, tropical Himalaya east to west and central China, Malaysia, Nepal. In dry, sandy parts of Africa extending into Mediterranean belt, Jordan, Arabia, Palestine, Abu Dhabi, the west Indies and tropical South and Central Arnenca. Found in all plains in waste places and on roadsides, often on black cotton so~ls. Description There are two common species of Calofropis snch as Cgiganfea(L.)R.Br. and C,procera. Both the species easily grow from seeds; even root and shoot-cutting is recommended. They do not required specific cultivation practices or imgation they are good soil-binders, and are recommended for desserts. They have a life span of 12 years. The plants flower during December-July and fruit during February-June; in some regions such as in the cotton belt of Vidarbha and in many parts of South India, they flower and fruit throughout the year. Both species are used as substitutes for one another and are said to have similar effects. Although in South India Calotroprs giganlea(L.)R.Br. is most common and both the species are known by the same vernacular name. Calotropis gigan~ea(L.)R.Br.(Plate:A) A tall shrub reaching 2.4-3 m. high; bark yellowish white, furrowed; branches stout; more or less covered (especially the
younger ones) with fine appressed cottony pubescence. Leaves 10 -20 by 3.8-10 cm., sessile or nearly so, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, acute, thick, glaucousgreen, clothed beneath and more or less above with fine cottony tomentum; base narrow, cordate, sometimes amplexicaul. Flowers inodourous. purplish or white, 3.8- 5 cm. diam., in umbellate lateral cymes; peduncles from between the petioles, 5-9 cm. Long, dilated at the base; pedicels much longer that the flowers, covered with cottony wool; buds ovoid. Calyx divided to the base: sepals 6 by 4mm., ovate, acute, cottony. Corolla 2 cm. Long or more; lobes 1.3.1.6 by 4 mm ., long, deltoid -ovate. sub acute, revolute and twisted in age; lobes of the corona 1.3cm. Long by 5mm. Broad in the middle, shorter than the column, the back much curved towards the column above the obtuse spur, pubescent on the slightly thickened margin, the apex rounded 9not bifid) with 2 obtuse auricles just below it. Follicles 9-10 cm., long, broad, thick, fleshy, ventricose, and green. Seeds numerous, 6 by 5 mrn., broadly ovate, flattened, narrowly margined, minutely tomentose, brown; coma 2.5-3.2 cm. long (Nadkarni,l991 ;The Wealth ofIndia,l992). Medicinal Importance: Calotropis plants are used as medicinal source since vedic times. All parts of the plant dried and taken with milk act as a good tonic, expzctorant, and anthelmintic.The levels are applied to paralysed parts, painful joints, swellings, healing wounds.The milk is caustic, acrid; expectorant, depilatory; useful ill leprosy, scabies, ringworm , piles, eruptions on the body, asthma, enlargement of spleen and liver, dropsy.The tribal and rural people of Gujarat used to treat directly as and when required for ailments such as to painful joints, swellings ,boils , on wounds, cuts, eczema, ring worm, corn and orally for mouth ulcers, sore throat, tooth ache, pyorrhea, tonsilitis. The flowers are good for the liver (Yunnani).Oil, in which the leaves have been boiled, is applied to paralysed parts, a powder of the dried leaves is dusted upon wounds to destroy excessive granulation and promote healthy action. The root bark and juice of this plant are used in mediclne for their emetic, diaphoretic
Page 1 and 2: IMPACT OF LATEX AND PLANT EXTRACT O
Page 3 and 4: Dr. KADEM RAMUDU ~ecturer in Zoolog
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 eprers y dup sen
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTS PAGE NO 1. INTRODUCTION 1-
Page 9 and 10: Table.10 Acid Phosphatase Activity
Page 11 and 12: Figure.9: Acetyl Cholinesterase Act
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION The word 'aquaculture'
Page 16 and 17: world. This indeed is an enviable p
Page 18 and 19: gills, liver, RBC's, stomach, kidne
Page 20 and 21: 16 Basd ocimum bar,llc,i,,r Lam,aca
Page 22 and 23: GUls: In take of the pesticides var
Page 25: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Aquatlc an~mal
Page 29 and 30: cytotoxic activity (Smith et aL.199
Page 31 and 32: abbit, dog,donkey which showed incr
Page 33 and 34: Bmgllitre of toxaphene produced cha
Page 35 and 36: carbohydrate and lipids play a majo
Page 37 and 38: of microridges,shrinkage of blood c
Page 39 and 40: CHARACTERISTICS OF TOXIC BIOACTIVE
Page 41 and 42: MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 532.63 USE: AFRIC
Page 43: MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 587 733 BlOLOGlCA
Page 46 and 47: Disinfection: All the tanks were di
Page 48 and 49: in the normal survival of organisms
Page 50 and 51: I" day (when mortality in higher co
Page 52 and 53: when surfaced to breathe. The fish
Page 54 and 55: includes hemoglobin content (Hb), o
Page 56 and 57: pipette was kept in a horizontal po
Page 58 and 59: changes in protein as a function of
Page 60 and 61: Procedure: From the tissue extract
Page 62 and 63: paper. To the precipitate 1 ml of d
Page 64 and 65: Principle: Para nitrophenyl Phospha
Page 66 and 67: Procedure: To the tubes labeled 'te
Page 68 and 69: Procedure The assay mixture in a fi
Page 70 and 71: 775-800 mg of histidine was dissolv
Page 72 and 73: 3.5 HISTOPATHOLOGY Living organisms
Page 75 and 76: RESULTS TOXICITY TESTS with Anabas
Page 77 and 78:
Impact on Surfacing behaviour, Dist
Page 79 and 80:
fish;their was an increase in value
Page 81 and 82:
Brain: Significant changes in prote
Page 83 and 84:
Brain : The Acid Phosphatase activi
Page 85 and 86:
fish were significant at P
Page 87 and 88:
Liver : Trend observed in liver was
Page 89 and 90:
ecome irregular while the epithelia
Page 91 and 92:
TABLE-2 : CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER U
Page 93:
TABLE5 : SAFE CONCENTRATION OF LATE
Page 103 and 104:
able-15 : Effect Of Latex+ Suppleme
Page 105 and 106:
Figure-] : Prohit Mortality Plotted
Page 112 and 113:
LIVER BRAIN GILL LIVER BRAIN GILL L
Page 119 and 120:
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PLATES ASL BC
Page 121 and 122:
PLATE .A
Page 123 and 124:
PLATE ,I CONTROL TU 1
Page 125 and 126:
CONTROL PLATE. 2
Page 127 and 128:
PLATE .3 CONTROL TU 1
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
PLATE .7 CONTROL TII r
Page 137 and 138:
PLATE .8
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
eathing fish have a higher LCSO val
Page 143 and 144:
of Calotropis gigantean (Preetha Ku
Page 145 and 146:
decrease in the Hb concentration, e
Page 147 and 148:
Kumar,1998;JosphenePau1ina,2003;Pre
Page 149 and 150:
(Berger et aL, 1983). Depletion of
Page 151 and 152:
insecticide toxic stress (Koundinya
Page 153 and 154:
Calolropis gigantea, by which the c
Page 155 and 156:
esult in the excessive accumulation
Page 157 and 158:
significant. However, certain amoun
Page 159 and 160:
controlling centre for all function
Page 161 and 162:
cells and development vacuoles are
Page 163:
1977) and Myslur tengara exposed to
Page 167 and 168:
movements in the treated than in th
Page 169 and 170:
and histopathological parameters in
Page 171 and 172:
REFERENCES Abassi and Sujata Krishn
Page 173 and 174:
Bansal S.K.and Desaiah,D.( 1982) Ch
Page 175 and 176:
Chowdhary B.P.,Pandy,P.K and Dubey,
Page 177 and 178:
Di Michele .L and Taylor,M.H (1978)
Page 179 and 180:
Goldiisher,S. Osser,E. and Novikoff
Page 181 and 182:
Johanson,D.W.( 1968) Pesticides and
Page 183 and 184:
Larhsini .M,Markoak.M, Jaouhari.J.T
Page 185 and 186:
Mukbopadbyay and Dehadrai (1979) Fi
Page 187 and 188:
Pressman,B.C(1963) 1n:Energy linked
Page 189 and 190:
Sadhu,D.N(1993)Toxicity of monocil
Page 191 and 192:
Singh N.N,Das.V.K and Srivsstsva A.
Page 193 and 194:
Take0.S and Sakanashi .M(1985) Char
Page 195:
Wedemeyer, G.(1969) Stress induced
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