Tab Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity ... - Sciences Club

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Transistors 171 Figure 6-7b PNP transistor equivalent circuit and schematic symbol. Figure 6-7c Example circuit to illustrate DC conditions. Referring to Fig. 6-7c, note that Q1 is connected to two power supply sources (illustrated as batteries). The V1 source is set at 30 volts DC and is fixed (i.e., it doesn’t vary). The V2 source is connected to the base of Q1 and is variable from 0 volts DC to 4 volts DC. We will examine this circuit in several conditions to understand the concept of the current amplification factor, or “beta,” of Q1. Continuing to refer to Fig. 6-7c, assume the beta parameter for this transistor (Q1) to be 99. As stated previously, beta simply defines the ratio of the base current to the collector current. A beta parameter of 99 means that the collector current will be 99 times higher than the current flowing in the base circuit. NOTE: Typical transistor beta values can vary from 20 to over 300. I chose 99 for these example problems to make the calculations easier. If V2 is adjusted for a base voltage of 1 volt, approximately 0.7 volt will be dropped across the forward-biased base-emitter junction, leaving about 0.3 volt to be dropped across the emitter resistor (RE). Since the
172 Chapter Six value of RE is known (1 Kohm) and the voltage across it is known (0.3 volt), the current flow through RE can be easily calculated using Ohm’s law: E 0.3 volt I 0.0003 amps or 300 microamps R 1000 ohms The current flow through RE is the same variable as the “emitter current flow” of Q1. Therefore, since the total current flow for both base and collector comes from the emitter, you know that the sum of the base current and collector current will equal 300 microamps. In addition, since the beta for Q1 is assumed to be 99, you know that the base current will be 99 times smaller than the collector current. Therefore, the base current will be approximately 3 microamps and the collector current will be approximately 297 microamps (297 microamps divided by 3 microamps 99), with both current flows adding up to the total emitter current flow of 300 microamps. Under the previous conditions, the emitter voltage of Q1 has already been determined to be 0.3 volt (i.e., the voltage across RE). The collector voltage of Q1 will be the V1 source voltage “minus” whatever voltage is dropped by the collector resistor (RC). The voltage drop across RC can be calculated using Ohm’s law by multiplying the collector current (297 microamps) by the resistance value of RC (10,000 ohms): E IR (0.000297 amps)(10,000 ohms) 2.97 volts Therefore, the collector voltage will be 30 volts 2.97 volts 27.03 volts Therefore, with V2 adjusted for 1 volt and an assumed beta of 99 for Q1, the collector voltage will be “about” 27 volts and the emitter voltage will be “about” 0.3 volt. Remember, all specified voltages in a typical schematic will be in reference to circuit common, or ground potential, unless the voltage is accompanied with a specific qualifying statement. Therefore, when measuring the collector voltage of Q1, you are actually measuring the voltage across RE as well as the voltage from emitter to collector of Q1. Now, assume that all other circuit conditions for Fig. 6-7c remain the same, with the exception that V2 is adjusted to 2 volts. Subtracting the typical 0.7-volt base-emitter junction drop, the voltage across RE
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TAB ELECTRONICS GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND
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TAB Electronics Guide to Understand
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To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ
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CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv
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Contents ix Chapter 5. Capacitance
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Contents xi The Triac 287 Unijuncti
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Contents xiii Low-Pass Filters 380
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PREFACE When I was 10 years old, I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
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1 CHAPTER Getting Started As the ol
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Getting Started 3 tiny parts that t
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Getting Started 5 Obtaining the Inf
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Getting Started 7 to get them! A li
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Getting Started 9 The Workbench A g
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Getting Started 11 potential destru
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Getting Started 13 be ideal for sta
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Getting Started 15 Figure 1-5 A ver
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Getting Started 17 should look like
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Getting Started 19 fascinating hobb
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Getting Started 21 zines (often cal
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Getting Started 23 capacitors are p
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Getting Started 25 mail-order surpl
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2 CHAPTER Basic Electrical Concepts
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Basic Electrical Concepts 29 types
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Basic Electrical Concepts 31 recogn
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Basic Electrical Concepts 33 Figure
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Basic Electrical Concepts 39 the co
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Basic Electrical Concepts 41 Voltag
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Basic Electrical Concepts 43 potent
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Basic Electrical Concepts 45 relati
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts 49 and th
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Basic Electrical Concepts 51 vide t
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Basic Electrical Concepts 53 G (R3)
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Basic Electrical Concepts 55 presen
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts power dis
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Basic Electrical Concepts 61 This i
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Basic Electrical Concepts relate to
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Basic Electrical Concepts 67 Exerci
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Basic Electrical Concepts that the
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Basic Electrical Concepts 73 nonsta
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Basic Electrical Concepts 75 the re
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Basic Electrical Concepts 79 Exerci
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3 CHAPTER The Transformer and AC Po
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The Transformer and AC Power 83 whi
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The Transformer and AC Power 85 Thi
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The Transformer and AC Power 87 Pea
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The Transformer and AC Power 89 cau
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The Transformer and AC Power consta
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The Transformer and AC Power 93 vir
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The Transformer and AC Power 95 fie
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The Transformer and AC Power 97 P
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The Transformer and AC Power 99 the
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The Transformer and AC Power 101 th
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The Transformer and AC Power 103 ho
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The Transformer and AC Power 105 Fi
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The Transformer and AC Power 107 ed
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The Transformer and AC Power 109 pr
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The Transformer and AC Power 111 pl
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The Transformer and AC Power 113 Tu
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4 CHAPTER Rectification Earlier in
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Rectification 117 rus of rattling a
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Rectification 119 Figure 4-3 Diode
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Page 142 and 143: Rectification 123 Figure 4-7 Curren
Page 144 and 145: Rectification 125 Figure 4-8 Curren
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Page 152 and 153: 5 CHAPTER Capacitance A capacitor i
Page 154 and 155: Capacitance 135 Ceramic is the most
Page 156 and 157: Capacitance 137 charged, when the s
Page 158 and 159: Capacitance 139 In reference to cap
Page 160 and 161: + Capacitance 141 Figure 5-3 A DC f
Page 162 and 163: + Capacitance 143 Figure 5-4 Full-w
Page 164 and 165: Capacitance 145 from the bridge rec
Page 166 and 167: Capacitance but it is usually prude
Page 168 and 169: Capacitance 149 Figure 5-7 Approxim
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Page 172 and 173: 6 CHAPTER Transistors Before gettin
Page 174 and 175: Transistors 155 Telephone Laborator
Page 176 and 177: Transistors 157 higher positive pot
Page 178 and 179: Transistors 159 reference, the emit
Page 180 and 181: Transistors 161 Adding Some New Con
Page 182 and 183: + Transistors 163 Figure 6-3 Practi
Page 184 and 185: Transistors 165 is typically a high
Page 186 and 187: + Transistors Figure 6-5 illustrate
Page 188 and 189: Transistors 169 Figure 6-6 Demonstr
Page 192 and 193: Transistors (which is the emitter v
Page 194 and 195: Transistors 175 The transistor circ
Page 196 and 197: Transistors 177 Again referring to
Page 198 and 199: Transistors 179 will be very stable
Page 200 and 201: Transistors 181 Imagine you were go
Page 202 and 203: Transistors transfer of a voltage s
Page 204 and 205: Transistors may recall from Chapter
Page 206 and 207: Transistors 187 base current flow p
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Page 210 and 211: Transistors 191 soon as some amount
Page 212 and 213: Transistors 193 As you have seen, t
Page 214 and 215: Transistors 195 It might be a littl
Page 216 and 217: Transistors 197 Figure 6-12 Suggest
Page 218 and 219: Transistors 199 If a load is placed
Page 220 and 221: 7 CHAPTER Special-Purpose Diodes an
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Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoelec
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+ Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoel
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8 CHAPTER Linear Electronic Circuit
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Linear Electronic Circuits 231 Figu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 233 appl
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Linear Electronic Circuits 235 circ
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Linear Electronic Circuits 237 “a
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Linear Electronic Circuits 239 Dist
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Linear Electronic Circuits 243 To u
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Linear Electronic Circuits 249 will
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Linear Electronic Circuits 251 all
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Linear Electronic Circuits 253 manu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 255 minu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 257 tion
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Linear Electronic Circuits 259 CAD
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Linear Electronic Circuits 263 Cons
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Linear Electronic Circuits 265 anyt
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Linear Electronic Circuits 267 lead
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Linear Electronic Circuits 269 Note
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Linear Electronic Circuits 273 TABL
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Linear Electronic Circuits 275 desi
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Linear Electronic Circuits 277 nal-
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Linear Electronic Circuits 279 DC).
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Linear Electronic Circuits 281 ply
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9 CHAPTER Power Control The term th
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Power Control 285 matically be reve
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Power Control equal in both. Theref
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Power Control 289 V p ) is reached.
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Power Control 291 There are several
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Power Control 293 decrease in resis
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Power Control 295 As explained earl
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Power Control 297 Figure 9-9 Buffer
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Power Control 299 Figure 9-10 A sim
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10 CHAPTER Field-Effect Transistors
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Field-Effect Transistors 303 Referr
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Field-Effect Transistors 305 voltag
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Field-Effect Transistors 307 Static
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Field-Effect Transistors 309 Figure
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Field-Effect Transistors 311 functi
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Field-Effect Transistors 313 Sounds
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Field-Effect Transistors 315 A UJT
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11 CHAPTER Batteries Because many h
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Batteries 319 Gelled electrolyte ba
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Batteries 321 in which mandatory di
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Batteries 323 RS1 is set to the pos
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12 CHAPTER Integrated Circuits The
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Integrated Circuits 327 mon-mode re
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Integrated Circuits 329 not be depe
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Integrated Circuits 331 Improvement
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Integrated Circuits 333 Figure 12-3
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Integrated Circuits 335 Figure 12-6
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Integrated Circuits 337 other filte
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Integrated Circuits 339 This circui
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Integrated Circuits 341 connected d
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13 CHAPTER Digital Electronics Digi
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Digital Electronics 345 The binary
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Digital Electronics 347 occur on th
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Digital Electronics 349 Multivibrat
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Digital Electronics 351 F-F1 will t
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Digital Electronics 353 Figure 13-6
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Digital Electronics 355 Summary Man
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Digital Electronics 357 IC2 is a CM
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Digital Electronics 359 Figure 13-1
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14 CHAPTER Computers In today’s w
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Computers 363 Figure 14-1 Block dia
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Computers 365 memory. Then, during
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Computers 367 When an I/O port “s
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Computers 369 with real analysis eq
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15 CHAPTER More About Capacitors an
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More About Capacitors and Inductors
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16 CHAPTER Radio and Television Rad
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Radio and Television 407 Figure 16-
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Radio and Television 409 length. At
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Radio and Television 411 the RF spe
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Radio and Television 413 tude varia
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Radio and Television 415 Figure 16-
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APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND EQUATIONS Th
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Symbols and Equations 419 IF Interm
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Symbols and Equations 421 rcvr Rece
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Symbols and Equations 423 Formulas
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Symbols and Equations 425 I 20 log
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Symbols and Equations Meter formula
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Symbols and Equations 429 Resistanc
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Symbols and Equations 431 Temperatu
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434 Appendix B Electronic Kit Suppl
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436 Appendix B Marlin P. Jones & As
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440 Appendix C Figure C-1 (cont.) 1
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444 Index Amplifiers, audio (Cont.)
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446 Index Capacitance and capacitor
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448 Index Digital ICs, 326 Digital
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450 Index Filters (Cont.): Percussi
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452 Index Lab for electronics work,
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454 Index Photographic method for p
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456 Index Resist ink in printed cir
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458 Index Transformers (Cont.): Iso
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR G. Randy Slone is
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