Tab Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity ... - Sciences Club

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Index 457 Software, 365 Solar cells, 210 Soldering, 10–12, 10, 12, 97–101 Soldering Iron Controller Project, 289–292, 290 Soldering Iron Power Control Project, 292–293, 292 Solderless breadboards, 216, 217 Solid-state devices, 116–127 Sound, 58 Sound generators, Light-Controlled Sound Generator Project, 313–314, 313 Source, field-effect transistors and, 301 Source time constants, 141, 144 Source voltages, transistors and, 162–163 Source, for power, 45 Speaker load rating, audio amplifiers, 236–237 Speaker Protection Circuit Project, 277–281, 278 Speech amplifiers, 409 Splicing wires, 106–107 Split-bobbin power transformers, 35 Square waves, 17, 396 Square-wave frequency generator, 218, 400–401, 400 Square-Wave Oscillator Project, 397, 398 Stability in amplifiers, 249 Stability in circuits, 178–179 Stabilization, 184 Static electricity damage, field-effect transistors and, 307–308 Step-down/step-up transformers, 376 Stick-on transfers for printed circuits boards, 258 Stud-mount diodes, 36 Subassemblies, recycled/reused, 21 Substituting parts (See cross-referencing parts) Substrates, FETs, 304 Sum frequency, 407 Superheterodyne receiver, 411, 412 Suppliers, 434–435 Suppression diodes, 266 Surge clamping diodes, 209 Surge current, 120, 143 Surplus parts and supplies, 24–25, 435–436 Susceptance, 430 Sweep generators, 17, 18 Switches, 39–40, 106, 229 bounce in, bounceless, 353 Bounceless Switch Project, 358, 359 Switching diodes, recycled/reused, 23 Switching distortion, 266 Synthesizer, Percussion Synthesizer Project, 401–404, 401, 403, 404 12-watt RMS Amplifier Project, 247, 251, 252 Tangent, 430 Tank circuits, 409, 410 Tantalum capacitors, 136 Tape of potentiometers, 32 Television (See radio and television) Temperature coefficient capacitors and, 135 resistors, 30–31 transistors and, 162 Temperature conversion, 431 Test equipment, 14–18, 437 Textbooks on electronics, 5 Thermal runaway, 162, 234–235 Thick film resistors, 29 Third-order filters, 389 Three–Light Flasher Project, 218–219, 219 Thyristors, 287–288, 288 Time constants, 90–91 capacitors and, 139 desired time constant, 147 discharge time constant in, 144 load time constant, 144 RC time constant, 139 source time constants, 141, 144 Time-off Delay Relay (TDR) Project, 222–224, 223 Timebase, Crystal-Based Oscillator Timebase Project, 358, 359 Tolerance, in capacitors, 34 Tone Control and Preamplifier Project, 339–341, 340 Tone controls, 244–245, 246 Tone Generator Project, 398, 399 Tools and equipment, 8–14, 368–369, 436 Transconductance, 304–305 Transducers, 182, 408 Transformer action, 81, 94 Transformers (See also alternating current), 34–35, 36, 94–97 bucking, 112 center-tapped, 95, 95, 124–126, 126 chokes and coils in, 88–94 filament, 95 inductance and inductors in, 88–94 inversion of voltage in, 112
458 Index Transformers (Cont.): Isolation Circuit Project, 293–295, 293 isolation type, 13–14, 14 Lab Power Supply Project and, 107–108 Ohm’s law and, 96 polarity of voltages in, 112 power, 95 power transfer ability (volt-amp rating), 96, 146 primary and secondary coils in, 95, 95 ratio of, 431 recycled/reused, 23 step-down/step-up, 376 turns ratios in, 95 volt-amp rating in, 96, 146 Transient-suppression diodes, 209 Transistor action, 154 Transistor-transistor logic (TTL), 345 Transistors, 36–37, 37, 153–200, 155, 156 ac circuit using, 175–176, 175 amplifier comparisons for, 167–168 base bias, 163 base current in, 158, 192 base of, 155 base-to-collector junction in, 156 base-to-emitter junction in, 156 beta-enhanced pairs, 191–192, 192 bias in, 163, 176, 176, 192, 230–235 bias voltage divider using, 163–164 bipolar, calculations for, 155, 430 collector current in, 158 collector of, 155, 156 common-base type, 166–167, 167 common-collector type, 165–166, 166, 177 common-emitter type, 162–165, 163, 177 current amplification factor (beta) in, 171–173 current flow through, 192 current gain in, 160 cutoff values in, 174 Darlington pairs, 191–192, 192 depletion area in, 157 diodes vs., 155 DVM testing of, 169–170, 200 dynamic settings for, 176 emitter of, 155, 156 emitter resistor in, 164 emitter voltage in, 192 emitter-follower type, 177 field-effect transistors, 301–316, 430 forward bias in, 156 impedance in, 179–184, Transistors (Cont.): impedance matching in, 168, 169, 182–183 invention of, 154–155 Lab Power Supply Project using, 193–200 leakage current in, 162 load balancing in,230–235 matched (complementary) pair sets of, 236 negative feedback in, 164 NPN type, 155, 170, 170, 193 phototransistors, 213 PNP type, 155, 170, 171, 193 quiescent settings for, 176 recycled/reused, 23 repeatability in, 178–179 saturation values in, 174 series-pass, 186 source voltages in, 162–163 stability in, 178–179 temperature coefficient in, 162 thermal runaway in, 162, 234–235 voltage drop in, 158–159 voltage gain in, 177–178 Transitional change in multivibrators, 349–350 Transorbers, 209 Triacs, 287–288, 288 Triangular waveshapes, 396, 400–401, 400 Trigger pulse timing, 288 Trigger voltages in schottky diodes, 207 Trigonometry, 429 Trim-pots, 32 Trimmer capacitors, 34 Trip Point Relay Driver Project, 337–338, 337 Trivalent impurities in semiconductors, 117 Troubleshooting tips, 110–111 True power, 93 Truth tables, 345–348, 346, 348 Tunnel diodes, 207, 208 Turn-on pulses in diacs, 209 Turn-on transients in amplifiers, 277 Turns ratio, transformer, 95 Twin-T notch filter, 386, 392–393, 401–404, 401, 403, 404 UJT Audio Oscillator Project, 296–298, 297 Ultiboard, 369 Ultraviolet ROM (UVROM), 366 Unidirectional surge clamping diodes, 209
Page 2 and 3:
TAB ELECTRONICS GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND
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TAB Electronics Guide to Understand
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To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ
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CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv
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Contents ix Chapter 5. Capacitance
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Contents xi The Triac 287 Unijuncti
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Contents xiii Low-Pass Filters 380
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PREFACE When I was 10 years old, I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
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1 CHAPTER Getting Started As the ol
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Getting Started 3 tiny parts that t
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Getting Started 5 Obtaining the Inf
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Getting Started 7 to get them! A li
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Getting Started 9 The Workbench A g
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Getting Started 11 potential destru
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Getting Started 13 be ideal for sta
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Getting Started 15 Figure 1-5 A ver
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Getting Started 17 should look like
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Getting Started 19 fascinating hobb
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Getting Started 21 zines (often cal
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Getting Started 23 capacitors are p
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Getting Started 25 mail-order surpl
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2 CHAPTER Basic Electrical Concepts
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Basic Electrical Concepts 29 types
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Basic Electrical Concepts 31 recogn
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Basic Electrical Concepts 33 Figure
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Basic Electrical Concepts 39 the co
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Basic Electrical Concepts 41 Voltag
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Basic Electrical Concepts 43 potent
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Basic Electrical Concepts 45 relati
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts 49 and th
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Basic Electrical Concepts 51 vide t
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Basic Electrical Concepts 53 G (R3)
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Basic Electrical Concepts 55 presen
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts power dis
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Basic Electrical Concepts 61 This i
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Basic Electrical Concepts relate to
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Basic Electrical Concepts 67 Exerci
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Basic Electrical Concepts that the
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Basic Electrical Concepts 73 nonsta
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Basic Electrical Concepts 75 the re
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Basic Electrical Concepts 79 Exerci
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3 CHAPTER The Transformer and AC Po
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The Transformer and AC Power 83 whi
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The Transformer and AC Power 85 Thi
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The Transformer and AC Power 87 Pea
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The Transformer and AC Power 89 cau
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The Transformer and AC Power consta
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The Transformer and AC Power 93 vir
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The Transformer and AC Power 95 fie
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The Transformer and AC Power 97 P
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The Transformer and AC Power 99 the
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The Transformer and AC Power 101 th
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The Transformer and AC Power 103 ho
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The Transformer and AC Power 105 Fi
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The Transformer and AC Power 107 ed
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The Transformer and AC Power 109 pr
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The Transformer and AC Power 111 pl
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The Transformer and AC Power 113 Tu
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4 CHAPTER Rectification Earlier in
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Rectification 117 rus of rattling a
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Rectification 119 Figure 4-3 Diode
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Rectification 121 Figure 4-4 Half-w
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Rectification 123 Figure 4-7 Curren
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Rectification 125 Figure 4-8 Curren
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Rectification 127 Figure 4-12 Redra
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Rectification 129 Be aware that som
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Rectification 131 Hopefully, F1 did
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5 CHAPTER Capacitance A capacitor i
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Capacitance 135 Ceramic is the most
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Capacitance 137 charged, when the s
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Capacitance 139 In reference to cap
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+ Capacitance 141 Figure 5-3 A DC f
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+ Capacitance 143 Figure 5-4 Full-w
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Capacitance 145 from the bridge rec
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Capacitance but it is usually prude
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Capacitance 149 Figure 5-7 Approxim
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Capacitance 151 Many of the more ex
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6 CHAPTER Transistors Before gettin
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Transistors 155 Telephone Laborator
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Transistors 157 higher positive pot
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Transistors 159 reference, the emit
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Transistors 161 Adding Some New Con
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+ Transistors 163 Figure 6-3 Practi
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Transistors 165 is typically a high
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+ Transistors Figure 6-5 illustrate
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Transistors 169 Figure 6-6 Demonstr
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Transistors 171 Figure 6-7b PNP tra
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Transistors (which is the emitter v
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Transistors 175 The transistor circ
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Transistors 177 Again referring to
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Transistors 179 will be very stable
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Transistors 181 Imagine you were go
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Transistors transfer of a voltage s
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Transistors may recall from Chapter
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Transistors 187 base current flow p
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Transistors 189 is connected to its
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Transistors 191 soon as some amount
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Transistors 193 As you have seen, t
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Transistors 195 It might be a littl
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Transistors 197 Figure 6-12 Suggest
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Transistors 199 If a load is placed
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7 CHAPTER Special-Purpose Diodes an
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Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoelec
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+ Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoel
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8 CHAPTER Linear Electronic Circuit
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Linear Electronic Circuits 231 Figu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 233 appl
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Linear Electronic Circuits 235 circ
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Linear Electronic Circuits 237 “a
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Linear Electronic Circuits 239 Dist
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Linear Electronic Circuits 243 To u
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Linear Electronic Circuits 249 will
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Linear Electronic Circuits 251 all
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Linear Electronic Circuits 253 manu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 255 minu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 257 tion
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Linear Electronic Circuits 259 CAD
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Linear Electronic Circuits 263 Cons
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Linear Electronic Circuits 265 anyt
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Linear Electronic Circuits 267 lead
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Linear Electronic Circuits 269 Note
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Linear Electronic Circuits 273 TABL
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Linear Electronic Circuits 275 desi
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Linear Electronic Circuits 277 nal-
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Linear Electronic Circuits 279 DC).
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Linear Electronic Circuits 281 ply
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9 CHAPTER Power Control The term th
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Power Control 285 matically be reve
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Power Control equal in both. Theref
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Power Control 289 V p ) is reached.
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Power Control 291 There are several
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Power Control 293 decrease in resis
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Power Control 295 As explained earl
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Power Control 297 Figure 9-9 Buffer
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Power Control 299 Figure 9-10 A sim
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10 CHAPTER Field-Effect Transistors
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Field-Effect Transistors 303 Referr
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Field-Effect Transistors 305 voltag
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Field-Effect Transistors 307 Static
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Field-Effect Transistors 309 Figure
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Field-Effect Transistors 311 functi
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Field-Effect Transistors 313 Sounds
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Field-Effect Transistors 315 A UJT
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11 CHAPTER Batteries Because many h
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Batteries 319 Gelled electrolyte ba
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Batteries 321 in which mandatory di
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Batteries 323 RS1 is set to the pos
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12 CHAPTER Integrated Circuits The
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Integrated Circuits 327 mon-mode re
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Integrated Circuits 329 not be depe
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Integrated Circuits 331 Improvement
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Integrated Circuits 333 Figure 12-3
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Integrated Circuits 335 Figure 12-6
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Integrated Circuits 337 other filte
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Integrated Circuits 339 This circui
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Integrated Circuits 341 connected d
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13 CHAPTER Digital Electronics Digi
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Digital Electronics 345 The binary
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Digital Electronics 347 occur on th
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Digital Electronics 349 Multivibrat
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Digital Electronics 351 F-F1 will t
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Digital Electronics 353 Figure 13-6
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Digital Electronics 355 Summary Man
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Digital Electronics 357 IC2 is a CM
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Digital Electronics 359 Figure 13-1
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14 CHAPTER Computers In today’s w
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Computers 363 Figure 14-1 Block dia
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Computers 365 memory. Then, during
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Computers 367 When an I/O port “s
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Computers 369 with real analysis eq
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15 CHAPTER More About Capacitors an
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More About Capacitors and Inductors
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16 CHAPTER Radio and Television Rad
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Page 434 and 435: Radio and Television 415 Figure 16-
Page 436 and 437: APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND EQUATIONS Th
Page 438 and 439: Symbols and Equations 419 IF Interm
Page 440 and 441: Symbols and Equations 421 rcvr Rece
Page 442 and 443: Symbols and Equations 423 Formulas
Page 444 and 445: Symbols and Equations 425 I 20 log
Page 446 and 447: Symbols and Equations Meter formula
Page 448 and 449: Symbols and Equations 429 Resistanc
Page 450: Symbols and Equations 431 Temperatu
Page 453 and 454: 434 Appendix B Electronic Kit Suppl
Page 455 and 456: 436 Appendix B Marlin P. Jones & As
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Page 459 and 460: 440 Appendix C Figure C-1 (cont.) 1
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Page 463 and 464: 444 Index Amplifiers, audio (Cont.)
Page 465 and 466: 446 Index Capacitance and capacitor
Page 467 and 468: 448 Index Digital ICs, 326 Digital
Page 469 and 470: 450 Index Filters (Cont.): Percussi
Page 471 and 472: 452 Index Lab for electronics work,
Page 473 and 474: 454 Index Photographic method for p
Page 475: 456 Index Resist ink in printed cir
Page 479: ABOUT THE AUTHOR G. Randy Slone is
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