Tab Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity ... - Sciences Club

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Linear Electronic Circuits 241 Figure 8-3 Power amplifier operational basics. R F C F V Electrical pulses produced by noise A Q2 Q3 V I Amp B RL Electromagnetic noise Q1 P1 D1 D2 each transistor, providing 0.5 milliamp of current flow through each collector. If an input voltage is applied between the two base inputs (A and B) so that point A is at a different potential than point B, the balance will be upset. But as the collector current rises through one transistor, it must decrease by the same amount through the other, because the constant-current source will not allow a varying “total” current. For example, if the differential voltage between the inputs caused the collector current through Q2 to rise to 0.6 milliamp, the collector current through Q3 will fall to 0.4 milliamp. The total current through both transistors still adds up to 1 milliamp. Notice that the output of the differential amplifier is not taken off of one transistor in reference to ground; the output of a differential ampli-
242 Chapter Eight fier is the difference between the two collectors. Now let’s discuss the advantages of such a circuit. Assume that the source voltage (supplied externally) increases. In a common-transistor amplifier, an increase in the source voltage will cause a corresponding change throughout the entire transistor circuit. In Fig. 8-3, an increase in the source voltage (V) does not cause an increase in current flow from the constant current source, because it is regulated by the forward voltage drop across D2, which doesn’t change (by practical amounts) with an increase in current. Q2 and Q3 would still have a combined total current flow of 1 milliamp. The collector voltages of Q2 and Q3 would increase, but they would increase by the same amount, even if the circuit were in an unbalanced state. Therefore, the voltage differential between the two collectors would not change. For example, assume that Q2’s collector voltage is 6 volts and Q3’s collector voltage is 4 volts. If you used a voltmeter to measure the difference in voltage between the two collectors, it would measure 2 volts (6 4 2). Now assume the source voltage increased by an amount sufficient to cause the collector voltages of Q2 and Q3 to increase by 1 volt. Q2’s collector voltage would rise to 7 volts, and Q3’s would rise to 5 volts. This didn’t change the voltage differential between the two collectors at all; it still remained at 2 volts. In other words, the output of a differential amplifier is immune to power supply fluctuations. Not only does this apply to gradual changes in DC levels; the effect works just as well with power supply ripple and other sources of undesirable noise signals that might enter through the power supply. One of the most common problems with high-gain amplifiers is noise and interference signals being applied to the input through the input wires. Input wires and cables can pick up a variety of unwanted signals, just as an antenna is receptive to radio waves. If you have ever touched an uninsulated input to an amplifier, you undoubtably heard a loud 60-hertz roar (called “hum”) through the speaker. This is because your body picks up electromagnetically radiated 60-hertz signals from power lines all around you. Fluorescent lights are especially bad electromagnetic radiators. Figure 8-3 illustrates an example of some electromagnetic radiation causing noise pulses on the A and B inputs to the differential amplifier. Because electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second), the noise pulses will occur at the same time, and in the same polarity. This is called common-mode interference. A very desirable attribute of differential amplifiers is that they exhibit common-mode rejection. The noise pulses illustrated in Fig. 8-3 would not be amplified.
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TAB ELECTRONICS GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND
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TAB Electronics Guide to Understand
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To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ
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CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv
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Contents ix Chapter 5. Capacitance
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Contents xi The Triac 287 Unijuncti
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Contents xiii Low-Pass Filters 380
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PREFACE When I was 10 years old, I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
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1 CHAPTER Getting Started As the ol
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Getting Started 3 tiny parts that t
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Getting Started 5 Obtaining the Inf
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Getting Started 7 to get them! A li
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Getting Started 9 The Workbench A g
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Getting Started 11 potential destru
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Getting Started 13 be ideal for sta
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Getting Started 15 Figure 1-5 A ver
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Getting Started 17 should look like
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Getting Started 19 fascinating hobb
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Getting Started 21 zines (often cal
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Getting Started 23 capacitors are p
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Getting Started 25 mail-order surpl
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2 CHAPTER Basic Electrical Concepts
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Basic Electrical Concepts 29 types
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Basic Electrical Concepts 31 recogn
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Basic Electrical Concepts 33 Figure
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Basic Electrical Concepts 39 the co
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Basic Electrical Concepts 41 Voltag
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Basic Electrical Concepts 43 potent
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Basic Electrical Concepts 45 relati
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts 49 and th
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Basic Electrical Concepts 51 vide t
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Basic Electrical Concepts 53 G (R3)
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Basic Electrical Concepts 55 presen
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts power dis
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Basic Electrical Concepts 61 This i
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Basic Electrical Concepts relate to
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Basic Electrical Concepts 67 Exerci
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Basic Electrical Concepts that the
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Basic Electrical Concepts 73 nonsta
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Basic Electrical Concepts 75 the re
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Basic Electrical Concepts 79 Exerci
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3 CHAPTER The Transformer and AC Po
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The Transformer and AC Power 83 whi
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The Transformer and AC Power 85 Thi
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The Transformer and AC Power 87 Pea
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The Transformer and AC Power 89 cau
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The Transformer and AC Power consta
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The Transformer and AC Power 93 vir
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The Transformer and AC Power 95 fie
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The Transformer and AC Power 97 P
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The Transformer and AC Power 99 the
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The Transformer and AC Power 101 th
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The Transformer and AC Power 103 ho
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The Transformer and AC Power 105 Fi
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The Transformer and AC Power 107 ed
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The Transformer and AC Power 109 pr
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The Transformer and AC Power 111 pl
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The Transformer and AC Power 113 Tu
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4 CHAPTER Rectification Earlier in
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Rectification 117 rus of rattling a
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Rectification 119 Figure 4-3 Diode
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Rectification 121 Figure 4-4 Half-w
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Rectification 123 Figure 4-7 Curren
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Rectification 125 Figure 4-8 Curren
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Rectification 127 Figure 4-12 Redra
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Rectification 129 Be aware that som
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Rectification 131 Hopefully, F1 did
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5 CHAPTER Capacitance A capacitor i
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Capacitance 135 Ceramic is the most
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Capacitance 137 charged, when the s
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Capacitance 139 In reference to cap
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+ Capacitance 141 Figure 5-3 A DC f
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+ Capacitance 143 Figure 5-4 Full-w
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Capacitance 145 from the bridge rec
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Capacitance but it is usually prude
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Capacitance 149 Figure 5-7 Approxim
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Capacitance 151 Many of the more ex
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6 CHAPTER Transistors Before gettin
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Transistors 155 Telephone Laborator
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Transistors 157 higher positive pot
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Transistors 159 reference, the emit
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Transistors 161 Adding Some New Con
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+ Transistors 163 Figure 6-3 Practi
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Transistors 165 is typically a high
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+ Transistors Figure 6-5 illustrate
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Transistors 169 Figure 6-6 Demonstr
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Transistors 171 Figure 6-7b PNP tra
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Transistors (which is the emitter v
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Transistors 175 The transistor circ
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Transistors 177 Again referring to
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Transistors 179 will be very stable
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Transistors 181 Imagine you were go
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Transistors transfer of a voltage s
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Transistors may recall from Chapter
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Transistors 187 base current flow p
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Transistors 189 is connected to its
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Page 276 and 277: Linear Electronic Circuits 257 tion
Page 278 and 279: Linear Electronic Circuits 259 CAD
Page 282 and 283: Linear Electronic Circuits 263 Cons
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Page 288 and 289: Linear Electronic Circuits 269 Note
Page 292 and 293: Linear Electronic Circuits 273 TABL
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Power Control 291 There are several
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Power Control 293 decrease in resis
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Power Control 295 As explained earl
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Power Control 297 Figure 9-9 Buffer
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Power Control 299 Figure 9-10 A sim
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10 CHAPTER Field-Effect Transistors
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Field-Effect Transistors 303 Referr
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Field-Effect Transistors 305 voltag
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Field-Effect Transistors 307 Static
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Field-Effect Transistors 309 Figure
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Field-Effect Transistors 311 functi
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Field-Effect Transistors 313 Sounds
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Field-Effect Transistors 315 A UJT
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11 CHAPTER Batteries Because many h
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Batteries 319 Gelled electrolyte ba
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Batteries 321 in which mandatory di
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Batteries 323 RS1 is set to the pos
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12 CHAPTER Integrated Circuits The
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Integrated Circuits 327 mon-mode re
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Integrated Circuits 329 not be depe
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Integrated Circuits 331 Improvement
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Integrated Circuits 333 Figure 12-3
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Integrated Circuits 335 Figure 12-6
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Integrated Circuits 337 other filte
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Integrated Circuits 339 This circui
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Integrated Circuits 341 connected d
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13 CHAPTER Digital Electronics Digi
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Digital Electronics 345 The binary
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Digital Electronics 347 occur on th
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Digital Electronics 349 Multivibrat
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Digital Electronics 351 F-F1 will t
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Digital Electronics 353 Figure 13-6
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Digital Electronics 355 Summary Man
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Digital Electronics 357 IC2 is a CM
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Digital Electronics 359 Figure 13-1
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14 CHAPTER Computers In today’s w
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Computers 363 Figure 14-1 Block dia
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Computers 365 memory. Then, during
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Computers 367 When an I/O port “s
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Computers 369 with real analysis eq
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15 CHAPTER More About Capacitors an
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More About Capacitors and Inductors
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16 CHAPTER Radio and Television Rad
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Radio and Television 407 Figure 16-
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Radio and Television 409 length. At
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Radio and Television 411 the RF spe
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Radio and Television 413 tude varia
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Radio and Television 415 Figure 16-
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APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND EQUATIONS Th
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Symbols and Equations 419 IF Interm
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Symbols and Equations 421 rcvr Rece
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Symbols and Equations 423 Formulas
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Symbols and Equations 425 I 20 log
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Symbols and Equations Meter formula
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Symbols and Equations 429 Resistanc
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Symbols and Equations 431 Temperatu
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434 Appendix B Electronic Kit Suppl
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436 Appendix B Marlin P. Jones & As
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440 Appendix C Figure C-1 (cont.) 1
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444 Index Amplifiers, audio (Cont.)
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446 Index Capacitance and capacitor
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448 Index Digital ICs, 326 Digital
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450 Index Filters (Cont.): Percussi
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452 Index Lab for electronics work,
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454 Index Photographic method for p
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456 Index Resist ink in printed cir
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458 Index Transformers (Cont.): Iso
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR G. Randy Slone is
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