Tab Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity ... - Sciences Club

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Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoelectronic Devices 221 of making the sound omnidirectional, so it will be difficult to locate. In the meantime, everyone who is a little squeamish toward mice or large insects will get seriously nervous. It is important to use a very small speaker for this project to achieve the desired effect. Virtually any type of general-purpose NPN transistors will perform well. If you would like to try a variation on this circuit to produce some really weird sounds, try replacing Q1 and Q3 with a couple of three-lead phototransistors. Connect the phototransistors into the circuit exactly like the original transistors. This causes the changes in ambient light to “sum” with the original base voltages. Various capacitor and resistor combinations will produce some remarkable sounds in conjunction with changing light intensities. To carry this idea one step further, you can mount this circuit in the center of a bull’s-eye target and convert a laser pointer into a “gun” (put a dummy handle on it, and fabricate the on-off switch into a trigger). Using various component values, the target can be made to produce any number of strange sounds, when the laser beam hits the bull’s-eye. Including a small power amplifier into the circuit, to boost the output volume, will improve the effect. If you built multiple circuits, adjusted them for individual sound effects, and mounted them in a variety of targets, you could have a high-tech shooting gallery in your own home! A Sound Improvement Figure 7-8 is a Hi-Z (high-impedance) audio amplifier circuit that will greatly increase the volume level of a high-impedance headphone (two of these circuits will be needed for stereo headphones). This circuit can come in handy if you want to use your headphones to listen (loudly!) to some of the sounds that you can create with these multivibrator circuits. The input impedance is high enough to keep it from loading down most circuits. You can also use this circuit with most types of speakers that have an impedance-matching transformer connected to the speaker frame. Don’t try to use a standard 8- or 4-ohm speaker; you’ll destroy the transistor, or the speaker, or both! This circuit is a modified form of the common-emitter transistor amplifier discussed in Chapter 6. VR2 should be adjusted for the best quality of sound, and VR1 is the volume control.
+ 222 Chapter Seven Figure 7-8 High-impedance headphone amplifier. 1 F at 16 WVdc + Input C1 VR1 500 k Audio taper R1 100 k + C2 VR2-Linear 1M Q1 2N3906 12 Vdc Output to headphone or Hi-Z speaker C2 1 F at 16 WVdc Figure 7-9 Time-off delay relay driver. Momentary switch D1 Relay VR1 R1 Q1 Q2 C1 A Delay Is Sometimes Beneficial In the field of electronics, there are many control applications that require a time-delay relay (TDR). Commercial TDRs are very expensive. Figure 7-9 is a time-off TDR, which is both useful and inexpensive. It can also be modified for a variety of functions. Q1 and Q2 are connected in a configuration called a Darlington pair. The Darlington pair configuration is essentially a beta multiplier, causing the
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TAB ELECTRONICS GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND
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TAB Electronics Guide to Understand
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To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ
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CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv
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Contents ix Chapter 5. Capacitance
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Contents xi The Triac 287 Unijuncti
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Contents xiii Low-Pass Filters 380
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PREFACE When I was 10 years old, I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
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1 CHAPTER Getting Started As the ol
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Getting Started 3 tiny parts that t
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Getting Started 5 Obtaining the Inf
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Getting Started 7 to get them! A li
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Getting Started 9 The Workbench A g
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Getting Started 11 potential destru
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Getting Started 13 be ideal for sta
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Getting Started 15 Figure 1-5 A ver
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Getting Started 17 should look like
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Getting Started 19 fascinating hobb
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Getting Started 21 zines (often cal
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Getting Started 23 capacitors are p
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Getting Started 25 mail-order surpl
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2 CHAPTER Basic Electrical Concepts
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Basic Electrical Concepts 29 types
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Basic Electrical Concepts 31 recogn
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Basic Electrical Concepts 33 Figure
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Basic Electrical Concepts 39 the co
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Basic Electrical Concepts 41 Voltag
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Basic Electrical Concepts 43 potent
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Basic Electrical Concepts 45 relati
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts 49 and th
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Basic Electrical Concepts 51 vide t
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Basic Electrical Concepts 53 G (R3)
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Basic Electrical Concepts 55 presen
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts power dis
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Basic Electrical Concepts 61 This i
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Basic Electrical Concepts relate to
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Basic Electrical Concepts 67 Exerci
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Basic Electrical Concepts that the
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Basic Electrical Concepts 73 nonsta
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Basic Electrical Concepts 75 the re
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Basic Electrical Concepts 79 Exerci
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3 CHAPTER The Transformer and AC Po
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The Transformer and AC Power 83 whi
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The Transformer and AC Power 85 Thi
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The Transformer and AC Power 87 Pea
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The Transformer and AC Power 89 cau
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The Transformer and AC Power consta
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The Transformer and AC Power 93 vir
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The Transformer and AC Power 95 fie
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The Transformer and AC Power 97 P
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The Transformer and AC Power 99 the
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The Transformer and AC Power 101 th
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The Transformer and AC Power 103 ho
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The Transformer and AC Power 105 Fi
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The Transformer and AC Power 107 ed
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The Transformer and AC Power 109 pr
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The Transformer and AC Power 111 pl
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The Transformer and AC Power 113 Tu
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4 CHAPTER Rectification Earlier in
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Rectification 117 rus of rattling a
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Rectification 119 Figure 4-3 Diode
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Rectification 121 Figure 4-4 Half-w
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Rectification 123 Figure 4-7 Curren
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Rectification 125 Figure 4-8 Curren
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Rectification 127 Figure 4-12 Redra
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Rectification 129 Be aware that som
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Rectification 131 Hopefully, F1 did
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5 CHAPTER Capacitance A capacitor i
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Capacitance 135 Ceramic is the most
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Capacitance 137 charged, when the s
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Capacitance 139 In reference to cap
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+ Capacitance 141 Figure 5-3 A DC f
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+ Capacitance 143 Figure 5-4 Full-w
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Capacitance 145 from the bridge rec
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Capacitance but it is usually prude
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Capacitance 149 Figure 5-7 Approxim
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Capacitance 151 Many of the more ex
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6 CHAPTER Transistors Before gettin
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Transistors 155 Telephone Laborator
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Transistors 157 higher positive pot
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Transistors 159 reference, the emit
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Transistors 161 Adding Some New Con
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+ Transistors 163 Figure 6-3 Practi
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Transistors 165 is typically a high
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+ Transistors Figure 6-5 illustrate
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Transistors 169 Figure 6-6 Demonstr
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Linear Electronic Circuits 271 Figu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 273 TABL
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Linear Electronic Circuits 275 desi
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Linear Electronic Circuits 277 nal-
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Linear Electronic Circuits 279 DC).
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Linear Electronic Circuits 281 ply
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9 CHAPTER Power Control The term th
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Power Control 285 matically be reve
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Power Control equal in both. Theref
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Power Control 289 V p ) is reached.
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Power Control 291 There are several
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Power Control 293 decrease in resis
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Power Control 295 As explained earl
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Power Control 297 Figure 9-9 Buffer
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Power Control 299 Figure 9-10 A sim
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10 CHAPTER Field-Effect Transistors
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Field-Effect Transistors 303 Referr
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Field-Effect Transistors 305 voltag
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Field-Effect Transistors 307 Static
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Field-Effect Transistors 309 Figure
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Field-Effect Transistors 311 functi
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Field-Effect Transistors 313 Sounds
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Field-Effect Transistors 315 A UJT
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11 CHAPTER Batteries Because many h
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Batteries 319 Gelled electrolyte ba
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Batteries 321 in which mandatory di
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Batteries 323 RS1 is set to the pos
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12 CHAPTER Integrated Circuits The
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Integrated Circuits 327 mon-mode re
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Integrated Circuits 329 not be depe
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Integrated Circuits 331 Improvement
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Integrated Circuits 333 Figure 12-3
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Integrated Circuits 335 Figure 12-6
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Integrated Circuits 337 other filte
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Integrated Circuits 339 This circui
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Integrated Circuits 341 connected d
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13 CHAPTER Digital Electronics Digi
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Digital Electronics 345 The binary
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Digital Electronics 347 occur on th
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Digital Electronics 349 Multivibrat
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Digital Electronics 351 F-F1 will t
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Digital Electronics 353 Figure 13-6
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Digital Electronics 355 Summary Man
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Digital Electronics 357 IC2 is a CM
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Digital Electronics 359 Figure 13-1
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14 CHAPTER Computers In today’s w
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Computers 363 Figure 14-1 Block dia
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Computers 365 memory. Then, during
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Computers 367 When an I/O port “s
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Computers 369 with real analysis eq
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15 CHAPTER More About Capacitors an
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More About Capacitors and Inductors
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16 CHAPTER Radio and Television Rad
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Radio and Television 407 Figure 16-
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Radio and Television 409 length. At
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Radio and Television 411 the RF spe
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Radio and Television 413 tude varia
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Radio and Television 415 Figure 16-
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APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND EQUATIONS Th
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Symbols and Equations 419 IF Interm
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Symbols and Equations 421 rcvr Rece
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Symbols and Equations 423 Formulas
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Symbols and Equations 425 I 20 log
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Symbols and Equations Meter formula
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Symbols and Equations 429 Resistanc
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Symbols and Equations 431 Temperatu
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434 Appendix B Electronic Kit Suppl
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436 Appendix B Marlin P. Jones & As
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440 Appendix C Figure C-1 (cont.) 1
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444 Index Amplifiers, audio (Cont.)
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446 Index Capacitance and capacitor
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448 Index Digital ICs, 326 Digital
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450 Index Filters (Cont.): Percussi
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452 Index Lab for electronics work,
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454 Index Photographic method for p
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456 Index Resist ink in printed cir
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458 Index Transformers (Cont.): Iso
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR G. Randy Slone is
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