Tab Electronics Guide to Understanding Electricity ... - Sciences Club

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13 CHAPTER Digital Electronics Digital electronics is a large branch of the electrical-electronics field relating to those electronic functions used in performing logical functions. It encompasses every type of logical system from simple combinational logic control in a coffee pot to the largest computer systems. The concept of digital control is not new. Even before the first computer appeared, or solid-state electronics came into being, large banks of relays were performing logical control functions in industrial facilities. Copyright 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
344 Chapter Thirteen The earliest types of computers were called analog computers. They were enormous machines made from thousands of vacuum tubes. Computations were performed using voltage levels based on the decimal (base 10) numbering system. Although this method seems natural because you think in terms of tens (because you were created with 10 fingers), the old analog computers soon gave way to the more modern binary computers (base 2). There are very good reasons for this change, which will be explained as this chapter continues. Although many people seem to have trouble comprehending different numbering systems, it’s really quite simple. The key is in understanding the mechanics behind the decimal system, and then applying those principles to any other numbering system. The term decimal means “base 10.” If the number 1543 is broken down into decimal column weights, it comes out to 3 units (or ones), 4 tens, 5 hundreds, and 1 thousand. Notice how each succeeding weight is actually the base number (10) times the “weight” of the preceding column. In other words, 1 10 10, 10 10 100, 10 100 1000, and so on. The binary numbering system works exactly the same way, except that it is based on 2 instead of 10. For example, the first weight (or least significant digit) is the units, or ones, column. The weight of the second column is 2 1, or 2. The next column is 2 2, or 4. The next column is 2 4, or 8. Instead of the column weights being ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, and so forth, the binary column weights will be ones, twos, fours, eights, sixteens, and so on. In the decimal system, there are 10 possible numbers which can be placed in any weight column (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). In the binary system, there are only two possible numbers for any one weight column (a 0 or a 1; a “yes” or a “no”; an ON or an OFF). If a binary number such as 0111 is broken down into weights, it means 1 one, 1 two, 1 four, and 0 eights. By adding the weights together, the binary number can be converted to decimal. In the previous example, 1 2 4 7. Therefore, 0111 is the binary equivalent to decimal 7. The following example demonstrates how it is possible to count up to 9 using the binary numbering system: Column Values 8421 8421 0000 0 0101 5 0001 1 0110 6 0010 2 0111 7 0011 3 1000 8 0100 4 1001 9
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TAB ELECTRONICS GUIDE TO UNDERSTAND
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TAB Electronics Guide to Understand
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To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ
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CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments xv
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Contents ix Chapter 5. Capacitance
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Contents xi The Triac 287 Unijuncti
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Contents xiii Low-Pass Filters 380
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PREFACE When I was 10 years old, I
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to tha
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1 CHAPTER Getting Started As the ol
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Getting Started 3 tiny parts that t
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Getting Started 5 Obtaining the Inf
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Getting Started 7 to get them! A li
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Getting Started 9 The Workbench A g
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Getting Started 11 potential destru
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Getting Started 13 be ideal for sta
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Getting Started 15 Figure 1-5 A ver
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Getting Started 17 should look like
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Getting Started 19 fascinating hobb
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Getting Started 21 zines (often cal
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Getting Started 23 capacitors are p
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Getting Started 25 mail-order surpl
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2 CHAPTER Basic Electrical Concepts
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Basic Electrical Concepts 29 types
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Basic Electrical Concepts 31 recogn
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Basic Electrical Concepts 33 Figure
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Basic Electrical Concepts 39 the co
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Basic Electrical Concepts 41 Voltag
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Basic Electrical Concepts 43 potent
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Basic Electrical Concepts 45 relati
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts 49 and th
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Basic Electrical Concepts 51 vide t
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Basic Electrical Concepts 53 G (R3)
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Basic Electrical Concepts 55 presen
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Basic Electrical Concepts Figure 2-
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Basic Electrical Concepts power dis
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Basic Electrical Concepts 61 This i
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Basic Electrical Concepts relate to
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Basic Electrical Concepts 67 Exerci
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Basic Electrical Concepts that the
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Basic Electrical Concepts 73 nonsta
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Basic Electrical Concepts 75 the re
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Basic Electrical Concepts 79 Exerci
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3 CHAPTER The Transformer and AC Po
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The Transformer and AC Power 83 whi
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The Transformer and AC Power 85 Thi
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The Transformer and AC Power 87 Pea
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The Transformer and AC Power 89 cau
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The Transformer and AC Power consta
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The Transformer and AC Power 93 vir
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The Transformer and AC Power 95 fie
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The Transformer and AC Power 97 P
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The Transformer and AC Power 99 the
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The Transformer and AC Power 101 th
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The Transformer and AC Power 103 ho
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The Transformer and AC Power 105 Fi
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The Transformer and AC Power 107 ed
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The Transformer and AC Power 109 pr
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The Transformer and AC Power 111 pl
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The Transformer and AC Power 113 Tu
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4 CHAPTER Rectification Earlier in
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Rectification 117 rus of rattling a
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Rectification 119 Figure 4-3 Diode
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Rectification 121 Figure 4-4 Half-w
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Rectification 123 Figure 4-7 Curren
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Rectification 125 Figure 4-8 Curren
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Rectification 127 Figure 4-12 Redra
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Rectification 129 Be aware that som
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Rectification 131 Hopefully, F1 did
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5 CHAPTER Capacitance A capacitor i
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Capacitance 135 Ceramic is the most
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Capacitance 137 charged, when the s
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Capacitance 139 In reference to cap
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+ Capacitance 141 Figure 5-3 A DC f
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+ Capacitance 143 Figure 5-4 Full-w
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Capacitance 145 from the bridge rec
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Capacitance but it is usually prude
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Capacitance 149 Figure 5-7 Approxim
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Capacitance 151 Many of the more ex
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6 CHAPTER Transistors Before gettin
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Transistors 155 Telephone Laborator
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Transistors 157 higher positive pot
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Transistors 159 reference, the emit
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Transistors 161 Adding Some New Con
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+ Transistors 163 Figure 6-3 Practi
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Transistors 165 is typically a high
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+ Transistors Figure 6-5 illustrate
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Transistors 169 Figure 6-6 Demonstr
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Transistors 171 Figure 6-7b PNP tra
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Transistors (which is the emitter v
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Transistors 175 The transistor circ
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Transistors 177 Again referring to
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Transistors 179 will be very stable
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Transistors 181 Imagine you were go
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Transistors transfer of a voltage s
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Transistors may recall from Chapter
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Transistors 187 base current flow p
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Transistors 189 is connected to its
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Transistors 191 soon as some amount
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Transistors 193 As you have seen, t
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Transistors 195 It might be a littl
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Transistors 197 Figure 6-12 Suggest
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Transistors 199 If a load is placed
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7 CHAPTER Special-Purpose Diodes an
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Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoelec
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+ Special-Purpose Diodes and Optoel
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8 CHAPTER Linear Electronic Circuit
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Linear Electronic Circuits 231 Figu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 233 appl
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Linear Electronic Circuits 235 circ
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Linear Electronic Circuits 237 “a
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Linear Electronic Circuits 239 Dist
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Linear Electronic Circuits 243 To u
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Linear Electronic Circuits 249 will
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Linear Electronic Circuits 251 all
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Linear Electronic Circuits 253 manu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 255 minu
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Linear Electronic Circuits 257 tion
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Linear Electronic Circuits 259 CAD
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Linear Electronic Circuits 263 Cons
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Linear Electronic Circuits 265 anyt
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Linear Electronic Circuits 267 lead
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Linear Electronic Circuits 269 Note
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Linear Electronic Circuits 273 TABL
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Linear Electronic Circuits 275 desi
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Linear Electronic Circuits 277 nal-
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Linear Electronic Circuits 279 DC).
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Linear Electronic Circuits 281 ply
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9 CHAPTER Power Control The term th
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Power Control 285 matically be reve
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Power Control equal in both. Theref
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Power Control 289 V p ) is reached.
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Power Control 291 There are several
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Page 320 and 321: 10 CHAPTER Field-Effect Transistors
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Page 336 and 337: 11 CHAPTER Batteries Because many h
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Page 350 and 351: Integrated Circuits 331 Improvement
Page 352 and 353: Integrated Circuits 333 Figure 12-3
Page 354 and 355: Integrated Circuits 335 Figure 12-6
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Page 372 and 373: Digital Electronics 353 Figure 13-6
Page 374 and 375: Digital Electronics 355 Summary Man
Page 376 and 377: Digital Electronics 357 IC2 is a CM
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Page 390 and 391: 15 CHAPTER More About Capacitors an
Page 392 and 393: More About Capacitors and Inductors
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More About Capacitors and Inductors
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16 CHAPTER Radio and Television Rad
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Radio and Television 407 Figure 16-
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Radio and Television 409 length. At
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Radio and Television 411 the RF spe
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Radio and Television 413 tude varia
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Radio and Television 415 Figure 16-
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APPENDIX A SYMBOLS AND EQUATIONS Th
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Symbols and Equations 419 IF Interm
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Symbols and Equations 421 rcvr Rece
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Symbols and Equations 423 Formulas
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Symbols and Equations 425 I 20 log
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Symbols and Equations Meter formula
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Symbols and Equations 429 Resistanc
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Symbols and Equations 431 Temperatu
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434 Appendix B Electronic Kit Suppl
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436 Appendix B Marlin P. Jones & As
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440 Appendix C Figure C-1 (cont.) 1
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444 Index Amplifiers, audio (Cont.)
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446 Index Capacitance and capacitor
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448 Index Digital ICs, 326 Digital
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450 Index Filters (Cont.): Percussi
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452 Index Lab for electronics work,
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454 Index Photographic method for p
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456 Index Resist ink in printed cir
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458 Index Transformers (Cont.): Iso
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR G. Randy Slone is
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