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The Social Laboratory
The Social Laboratory
Over the last two decades, the internet has been a
laboratory for social innovation. One of the most
unexpected collective discoveries has been the existence
of another mode of organisation to achieve large scale
co-ordination. This mode relies neither on the market
where price signals perform important co-ordinating
functions horizontally (as Friedrich Hayek famously
stated), nor on public and private bureaucracies where
commands facilitate vertical co-ordination. 32 Rather,
it relies on voluntary co-operation to enhance the use
value of a shared resource. Yochai Benkler dubbed this
mode ‘commons-based peer production.’ 33
In the West, most areas of life beyond the personal
realm have traditionally been organised as a mixture
of markets and bureaucracies. Over the last 30 years,
however, the balance has shifted decisively towards
market based mechanisms. Not only are ever more
areas of life now organised as markets, even (public
and private) bureaucracies themselves are being
de-aggregated and turned into semi-independent
units (for example, into ‘profit centres’) that compete
against each other and flexibly network with other
semi-independent units inside and outside their own
organisational frame. 34 Furthermore, the consumer
– a single person buying goods and services in a
marketplace offering choice – has become the dominant
role and model of (inter)action, virtually replacing other
models such as citizen or worker. More and more aspects
of our life have become framed as choices in competitive
marketplaces. Markets have expanded outwards and
inwards.
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