KTub8

Footnotes
the labour costs are zero (users are not paid to generate
data) and surplus (profits) is being generated. While this is
technically correct (the rate of exploitation in Marxist theory
is calculated as a function of labour costs and surplus) this
infinity is not the result of an unprecedented exploitation but
of the inadequacy of the formula. See Christian Fuchs, ‘Class
and Exploitation on the Internet’, in Trebor Scholz, 2013,
pp.211-224.
68 Steffen Boehm, ‘The Value of Marx: Free Labour, Rent and
‘Primitive’ Accumulation in Facebook’, Working paper,
University of Essex, May 2012.
69 David Harvey, ‘The Art of Rent’, Socialist Register, Vol. 38,
2002, p.94.
70 Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social
Movements in the Internet Age, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press,
2012, p.230.
71 See Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture:
Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of
Digital Utopianism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2006.
72 See Castells, (2012).
73 See Gerald Raunig, Factories of Knowledge, Industries of
Creativity, Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2013.
74 See Sherry Turkle, Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of
the Internet, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
75 See Mathieu O’Neil, Cyberchiefs: Autonomy and Authority in
Online Tribes, London: Pluto Press, 2009.
76 See Marcel Mauss, The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange
in Archaic Societies, London: Cohen & West, 1966.
77 See Yochai Benkler, ‘Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods
and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic
Production’, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 114, 2004, pp.273-358.
78 See Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Commonwealth,
Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
66