KTub8

Digital Solidarity
Footnotes
1 Giulia Dessi, ‘The Icelandic Constitutional Experiment’, Open
Democracy, 23 October 2012. http://www.opendemocracy.net/
giulia-dessi/icelandic-constitutional-experiment
2 Thorhildur Thorleifsdottir, ‘From the People to the People, a
New Constitution’, Open Democracy, 13 November 2012,
http://www.opendemocracy.net/thorhildur-thorleifsdottir/
from-people-to-people-new-constitution
3 Website of the Constitutional Council,
http://www.stjornlagathing.is/english/
4 Thorvaldur Gylfason, ‘Democracy on Ice: A Post-Mortem of the
Icelandic Constitution’, Open Democracy, 19 June 2013.
http://www.opendemocracy.net/thorvaldur-gylfason/
democracy-on-ice-post-mortem-of-icelandic-constitution
5 Marshall McLuhan, Gutenberg Galaxy, Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1962.
6 He wrote: ‘The effects of technology do not occur at the level
of opinions or concepts, but alter sense ratios or patterns
of perception steadily and without any resistance.’ Marshall
McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man,
Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 1964/1994, p.18.
7 McLuhan (1964), op. cit., p.16.
8 Castells argues that only capitalism managed to overcome
what he calls ‘industrialism’ and move into a new paradigm
of informationalism, whereas Soviet socialism stagnated and
eventually collapsed unable to transform itself. Following
McLuhan's terminology, one could say that capitalism
managed to escape the Gutenberg Galaxy whereas Soviet
socialism did not. See Manuel Castells, End the Millennium
(second edtion), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000, pp.5-67.
9 See Megan Mullen, ‘Coming to Terms with the Future
He Foresaw: Marshall McLuhan’s Understanding Media’,
Technology and Culture, Vol. 47 No. 2, April, 2006.
10 Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy,
1859, http://www.marxists.org
11 The first concept is from Christopher Freeman and Luc
Soete, The Economics of Industrial Innovation (third edition).
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. The second is from
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