Lakes and Watercourses

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TABLE 34. Reference values for planktonic algae in various lake types Indicator Lowland lake, Lowland lake, Forest Mountain shallow* deep* lake* lake* Total volume, seasonal average, mm 3 /l 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 Total volume, August, mm 3 /l 1.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 Diatom biomass in April/May, mm 3 /l 1 1 0.5 ** Water-blooming cyanobacteria in August, mm 3 /l 0.5 0.5 0.05 ** No. of potentially toxin-producing 4 4 3 2 cyanobacteria (genera) in August Gonyostomum semen, biomass in August, mm 3 /l 0.1 0.1 0.1 ** * Mountain lake: situated above the tree line Forest lake: usually, but not always, situated above the reference elevation, referred to in Sweden as ”the highest coastline”, where surrounding land comprises > 60% forest Lowland lake: situated on mud sediments, usually below the highest coastline, where surrounding land comprises > 60% cultivated land (arable land, meadow, fallow, other grazing land). ** No reference values available or the parameter is not relevant to the lake type. Comments Classification must be based on samples taken and analysed in accordance with the Swedish EPA Environmental Monitoring Handbook. Assessment need not necessarily be made using all parameters for a given lake. The choice of parameters is governed by the aspects of the presence of planktonic algae to be highlighted and the availability of background data. Hence, in some cases assessment will be confined to harmful algae. In others, assessment may focus on biomass quantities in parallel with the presence of toxic algae. In oligotrophic lakes, where there is often little difference from one year to another, results from a single year may be used for assessment. In moderately eutrophic and eutrophic lakes, on the other hand, data should comprise figures from three years of study, so as to obtain mean values. Variations between years due to weather have a particularly marked impact on species balance and quantities of various algal groups in such lakes, which in turn affects total biomass. If an assessment is made using more limited data, this should be stated. The scales for the respective parameters, as with the choice of parameters and reference values, are intended to be used during a trial period. 57
References Cronberg, G., Lindmark, G. & Björk, S. (1988): Mass development of the flagellate Gonyostomum semen (Raphidophyta) in Swedish forest lakes, an effect of acidification? – Hydrobiologia 161:217–236. Rosén, G. (1981): Tusen sjöar. Växtplanktons miljökrav (”A thousand lakes. The habitat requirements of phytoplankton”). – Swedish EPA. Liber förlag. Willén, E. (1998): Planktiska alger i sjöar (”Planktonic algae in lakes”). – From: T. Wiederholm (Ed.). Bedömningsgrunder för miljökvalitet – Sjöar och vattendrag. Bakgrundsrapport 2 – Biologiska parametrar (”Environmental Quality Criteria – Lakes and Watercourses. Background report 1 – Biological parameters”). Swedish EPA Report 4921. Willén, E., Willén, T. & Ahlgren, G. (1995): Skadliga cyanobakterier och alger i svenska sjöar (”Harmful cyanobacteria and algae in Swedish lakes”). – From: L. Edler (Ed.). Skadliga alger i sjöar och hav (”Harmful algae in lakes and seas”). – Swedish EPA Report 4447. Willén, T. & Mattsson, R. (1997): Water-blooming and toxin-producing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters, 1981 – 1995. – Hydrobiologia 353:181–192. 58
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Environmental Quality Criteria - La
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TO ORDER Swedish Environmental Prot
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Reference Group Mats Bengtsson, Swe
Page 7 and 8: Summary This report on lakes and wa
Page 11 and 12: included. In addition to a large nu
Page 13 and 14: ased estimates are used. Given that
Page 15 and 16: TABLE 1. SUMMARY of parameters incl
Page 17 and 18: 16 The current conditions scale in
Page 19 and 20: (in Swedish with English summary).
Page 21 and 22: conditions for watercourse flora an
Page 23 and 24: show the availability of nitrogen i
Page 25 and 26: Mean concentration of total phospho
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 9. DEVIATION from reference v
Page 29 and 30: Comments Classifications must be ba
Page 31 and 32: winter/spring, i.e. ice-covered per
Page 33 and 34: Light conditions Introduction Light
Page 35 and 36: TABLE 13. CURRENT CONDITIONS: turbi
Page 37 and 38: Acidity / acidification Introductio
Page 39 and 40: industrial pH). The change in acidi
Page 41 and 42: The pre-industrial concentration of
Page 43 and 44: very high degree of reliability and
Page 45 and 46: TABLE 19. CURRENT CONDITIONS: metal
Page 47 and 48: TABLE 22. DEVIATION from reference
Page 49 and 50: TABLE 24. (continued) Cu Zn Cd Pb C
Page 51 and 52: Swedish EPA (1993): Metals and the
Page 53 and 54: Assessment of current conditions TA
Page 55 and 56: TABLE 29. CURRENT CONDITIONS: poten
Page 57: TABLE 32. DEVIATION from reference
Page 61 and 62: (see Appendix 1). If submerged and
Page 63 and 64: References Andersson, B. (1998): Va
Page 65 and 66: The genera in question and their tr
Page 67 and 68: Benthic fauna Introduction Benthic
Page 69 and 70: TABLE 41. CURRENT CONDITIONS: botto
Page 71 and 72: Comments The assessment must be bas
Page 73 and 74: has yielded better results than did
Page 75 and 76: TABLE 45. CURRENT CONDITIONS: fish,
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 48. (Contd.) Proportion of al
Page 84 and 85: Presentation of data When using the
Page 86 and 87: APPENDIX 1 Ceratophyllum demersum 1
Page 88 and 89: APPENDIX 2 Calculation of index and
Page 90 and 91: APPENDIX 2 Table 1b. Indicator gene
Page 92 and 93: Genus Indicator value -------------
Page 94 and 95: APPENDIX 2 45 Planorbis sp. 46 Anis
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 2 214 Leuctra hippopus 215
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 2 384 Tinodes waeneri 385
Page 100 and 101: APPENDIX 2 (6) O/C index (Wiederhol
Page 102 and 103: APPENDIX 3 Dace Stäm Leuciscus leu
Page 106: REPORT 5050 Environmental Quality C
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