220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

120natnational drug list syn. national formulary; compendium of drugsavailable in a specific country, e.g. Austria Codex (Austria), DictionnaireVidal (France), FASS (Sweden), L’Informatore Farmaceutico(Italy), Rote Liste (Germany).negative list syn. black list (UK), opposite: positive List; list ofmedicines which are excluded from reimbursement by nationalhealthcare or insurance systems resp, existing in a number ofcountries such as France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands,Portugal, Spain and UK; → see price control.neighborhood control subjects Control subjects who are not hospitalisedbut live in the proximity to the hospital (“communitycontrols”); such subjects may be found by door-to-door searchesin close proximity to the residence of the case patient; → see control,epidemiology, matched pair, evaluation technique.neoadjuvant chemotherapy Systemic chemotherapy administeredbefore the use of definitive locoregional treatment; this allows, ifsuccessful, tumor shrinking and reduces the risk of seeding of metastasesby surgery; → see also adjuvant chemotherapy.nested case-control studies Case-control studies that are “nested”within a cohort study compare exposures in case patients (patientsin the cohort who develop disease) and a sample of individualsin the cohort who have not developed disease; n.c.c. studiesretain many of the advantages of cohort studies over case-controlstudies and are more cost-effective than cohort studies; → seecontrol, design, epidemiology, matched pair, evaluationtechnique.network chart → see program evaluation technique.networking → see strategic alliance.new active substance (NAS) → see new chemical entity.new chemical entity (NCE) syn. new active substance, new molecularentity; in 1990, it was estimated that the average NCE takes12 years from synthesis to marketing approval, costs $231 million(DiMasi JA et al., J Health Econ 1991; 10:107–142), and needs 19years of worldwide sales to recover research and developmentinvestment; according to estimates of 2004, development costswere around 1,150 million US$ and may increase to around 2 billionUS$ in 2009; 75% of NCEs however fail to recoup their breakevenpoint; in 1990, truly innovative NCEs accounted for roughly10–30% of all new registered drugs, the rest were “mee-toos”; between1975 and 1986 (12 years) more than 600 NCEs have beenlaunched in Europe and the US; the proportion of compoundssynthesized to one NCE marketed is about 2,000:1 to 6,000:1; fromover 50 NCE-approvals by the FDA in 1996 the number has steadilydecreased to 24 in 2002 and fluctuates around 15 to 20 per year;