220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

23known response pattern, that is confirmed by dechallenge andrechallenge; probable = ADR as above but that has not been confirmedby rechallenge and that could not be reasonably explainedby the known characteristics of the patient’s clinical state; possible =ADR that follows a reasonable temporal sequence from administration,a known response pattern, but that could have been producedby the patient’s clinical state or other modes of therapy; conditional= ADR as above but that does not follow a known response patternto the suspected drug and that could not be reasonably explainedby the patient’s clinical state; doubtful = any reaction that does notmeet the criteria above; insufficient = there is insufficient data availableto make a comment; categories of the WHO are also widelyused (Certain – reasons and documentation given are sufficient tobe sure of a causal relationship (e.g. same reaction on re-exposure);Probable – reasons and documentation given are sufficient to assumea causal relationship, in the sense of plausible, conceivable,likely, but not necessarily highly probable; Possible – informationin the report is sufficient to accept the possibility of a causal relationship,in the sense of not being impossible or unlikely, althoughthe connection is uncertain or doubtful; Impossible/Unrelated – noreasonable temporal sequence from administration of the drug;event is clearly produced by the patient’s clinical state or othermodes of therapy; Unclassified/Unassessable – reports where causalityis, for one reason or another, not assessable, e.g. because ofinsufficient evidence, poor documentation or conflicting data; theFrench Ministry of Health demands use of an own, five-point causalityassessment method; in order to reduce inter-rater varianceswhich occur when c. assessment is done by ante mortem methodsstandardized decision aids (SDA) have been developed; → seealso Drug Interaction Probability Scale, Naranjo nomogram,standardized assessment of causality.ceiling effect opp. floor effect; treatment effects or scores (e.g.grip strength) that can be reached are limited, even when dosageor treatment duration a.s.o. is increased (e.g. analgesics); resultswill be heavily skewed (→ see skewness).cell The smallest structural unit of living organisms that is able togrow and reproduce independently.cell culture Growth of a collection of cells, usually of just one genotype,under laboratory conditions.cell cycle The term given to the series of tightly regulated steps that acell goes through between its creation and its division to form twodaughter cells.cell line Cells which grow and replicate continuously in cell cultureoutside the living organism.cel