220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

31COSTART (Coding System for a Thesaurus of Adverse ReactionTerms); for coding medications or treatments resp.: who-drugdictionary and drug reference list resp., WHO-InternationalNonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances Classification,Nutley System Glossary c., anatomical therapeuticchemical classification system (ATC), and its derived EPhMRAsystem, the Aberdeen Drug Coding System, International Classificationof Primary Care, ICDA, Medical Dictionary for DrugRegulatory Activity (MEDDRA) a.s.o.; electrocardiograms canbe classified according to the Minnesota c., malignant diseases bythe icd-o and so on; outcome is also often codified separately, e.g.as: adverse event, treatment failure, early improvement, refusedtreatment, death during study, lost to follow-up, did not cooperate,protocol violation, entry violation, intercurrent illness, completedaccording to protocol a.s.o.code breaking procedures → see disclosure procedure.codes of practice In order to harmonise activities of public interestthe pharmaceutical industry has issued a number of voluntary andself-limiting regulations e.g. the clinical trial compensationguidelines, the “Code of Practice for the Clinical Assessment ofLicensed Medicinal Products in General Practice”, issued by theABPI (UK), or the ifpma code of pharmaceutical marketingpractices.codon a sequence of three nucleotide bases in a DNA or RNA moleculethat in the process of protein synthesis codes for one aminoacid or provides a signal to stop or start protein synthesis (translation).coefficient of variation (CV) standard deviation SD divided bythe arithmetic mean x¯ and expressed as a percentage (CV (%) =SD/x¯ ∞ 100); it permits the relative comparison of totally differentsets of data (“apples vs. oranges”); → see also correlationcoefficient.coenzyme An organic compound that is necessary for the functioningof an enzyme. Coenzymes are smaller than the enzymes themselvesand may be tightly or loosely attached to the enzyme proteinmolecule.cohort Group of subjects with a common characteristic who are followedprospectively.cohort study Investigates, e.g. a drug effect, prospectively, from exposureto outcome, in a group of patients without, or with appropriatecontrol data (experimental c.s., observational c.s.); study inwhich subjects who presently have a certain condition and/or receivea particular treatment are followed over time and comparedwith another group who are not affected by the condition/have notcoh