220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

41→ see also coefficient of variation, linear regression.cosmetic FDA: “articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, orsprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the humanbody or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness,or altering the appearance; articles intended for useas component of any such articles, except that such term shall notinclude soap”; → see also emollient.costs → see drug consumtpion, health care costs, health careservices, marketing authorisation, pharmaceutical market,price regulatory scheme, prescription, research and development.COSTART → see code.cost/benefit analysis (CBA) Sometimes used as overall term for economicanalyses such as cost/effectiveness a., cost/utility a.,and quality of life studies; in a narrower sense the term CBAis confined to studies where both the resources used and the benefita treatment yields can be expressed in monetary terms (e.g. aspecific treatment avoids later costs of surgery or hospitalisation,money saved/lost when medications exert beneficial/adversehealth effects); a treatment is most cost-beneficial if the economicreturn exceeds the treatment costs (highest net benefit) or if it hasa higher ratio of benefits to costs (B/C); economic analyses requirespecification of the treated populations and treatment procedures;depend therefore on the social context, on the indications forwhich the drug is prescribed, on the characteristics of the treatedpopulation and on the dosage schedules; for the manufacturerthey may be useful to demonstrate therapeutic advantages also ofmarginally innovative products and to support price negotiationsor rationalise reimbursement decisions; economic analyses arerarely required by health authorities (e.g. in Australia and Canada,but not by the FDA); → see also delta value.cost/consequence analysis (CCA) Lists advantages and disadvantages,without giving a bottom line total, leaving the adding up andwheighting of the data to the decision maker.cost/effectiveness analysis (CEA) Measures effectiveness of a treatmentin natural, not monetary units, e.g. days off work, years of lifegained; shows the least cost per outcome measure gained, comparingthe costs of achieving the desired outcome (effect) by avariety of treatment methods; CEA shows therefore how to spendresources most effectively given a particular desired objective; (e.g.cost per pound lost for measuring c./e. of weight loss programs,cost of means of avoiding an infant death per year of life gained);most appropriate for comparison of treatments not producing anequivalent likelihood of clinical outcome; cost/effectiveness datacos