220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

76foomised, IIa walking distance > 200 m (5 km/h), IIb walking distance< 200 m; III = rest pain due to inadequate compensation; IV = necroses,typically in distal regions as toe and foot, with or withoutrest pain; Doppler ultrasound pressures over malleolar arteries areless than 50 mm Hg.food FDA: article used for food or drink for man or animals, chewinggum, and article used as component of any such article; → see alsofunctional food.food supplement Food containing concentrated sources of nutrientssuch as vitamins or minerals and presented for supplementing theintake of those nutrients from the normal diet; → see also drug,functional food, phytomedicines, traditional herbal medicinalproduct.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) U.S. American regulatory authorityresponsible for investigational new drugs and for themarketing authorisation of them; → see also fda, new drug application.forced licensing → see compulsory licensing.formulary (national) f.; syn drug list; list of drugs reimbursable undera health insurance plan or offered under a capitated or managedcare program or preferred in a particular clinical setting.formulation Form under which a drug is presented as medicinalproduct; the f. is influenced by a number of factors such as theroute of administration, chemical and biopharmaceutical propertiesof the substance; liquid f.s (especially aqueous solutions) canbe administered by all routes but are bulky, more sensible to contaminationand degradation and also more difficult to transport; ifthe drug is poorly soluble, suspensions (solid phase, i.e. particlesdistributed in liquid phase) or emulsions (two liquid phases, e.g.oil and water) may be produced; solid f.s appear most frequentlyas tablets which frequently contain a number of excipients (e.g.lactose, cellulose), followed by capsules, usually made by hard orsoft gelatin; capsules enclose the drug as powder or non-aqueousliquid within their two halfs; semi-solid f.s are e.g. creams (oil/wateremulsions) or ointments (water/oil emulsions) used in topicalpreparations for treatment of skin or mucous membranes; transdermalpatches are applied like conventional sticking plasters andallow sustained drug release; → see also controlled releaseform, disintegrants, drug delivery systems, impurity, liposome,prodrug.fraud In science fraud occurs most often as trimming, (involves discardof data of the extremes so that they look cleaner), cooking(ignoring certain data so that the rest will fit with the preconceivedhypothesis) or outright fraud (fabrication of data); all these data