220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

135pharmaceutical benefit manager (PBM) Middleman in the US system,concentrating on the control of prescription medicines viadrug lists, prices and also pharmacy procedure.pharmaceutical company The oldest ph.c. in the world is TanabeSeiyaku, established in 1678 in Japan, the oldest in Europe is Bayer,established in 1863, the oldest in the US is Procter & Gamble, establishedin 1837.pharmaceutical equivalent syn. chemical e.; dosage form containingthe same active ingredient(s) in the same amount(s) but possiblydifferent inactive ingredients, while still meeting standards ofa pharmacopoeia; → see also therapeutic equivalent.pharmaceutical evaluation report (PER) Scheme for the mutualrecognition of evaluation reports of pharmaceutical products byhealth authorities.pharmaceutical expenditure Spending on medical goods, in particularpharmaceuticals; it covers spending on prescription medicinesand self-medication (“over-the-counter products”), aswell as other medical non-durable goods. It also includes pharmacists’remuneration when the latter is separate from the price ofmedicines. Pharmaceuticals consumed in hospitals are excluded.Final expenditure on pharmaceuticals includes wholesale and retailmargins and value-added tax. In 2005, the pharmaceutical expenditureper capita, public and private, was (US $, OECD, Healthat a glance 2007): Austria 409, France 554, Germany 498, Italy 509,Japan 449, Norway 398, Spain 517, Switzerland 436, US 792; → seedrug consumption, health care expenditure, medical culture.Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention (PIC) Provides exchange ofsuch information between members (to date more than 15 mainlyEuropean health authorities) as is necessary for a member importerto recognise inspections carried out by the authorities in themember country where the drugs are manufactured (informationabout standards of manufacture as good manufacturing practice,control of drug products to be imported a.s.o.).Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (PMA) Nonprofit scientific,professional, and trade organization consisting of more than140 firms engaged primarily in the manufacture of prescriptionpharmaceutical, medical device, and diagnostic products; thesefirms account for more than 90% of US industry sales of humandosage drugs; globally, by 2002 the 10 largest drug firms accountedfor 48% of pharmaceutical sales worldwide (1985: 20%); 8 of 10 arethe product of mergers since 1989; → see manufacturer.pharmaceutical market The value of worldwide p.m. was valued at$406 billion in 2002 ($284 billion in 1995) at the manufacturer sell-pha