220-Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2nd Edition-Gerhard Nahler Annette Mollet-3211898352-S

15of exposure, both with exposure and outcome; detection b. = biasedoutcome assessment; performance b. = unequal provision ofcare apart from the treatment under investigation; publication (information)b. = studies with positive, statistically significant resultsare more likely to be published, which may result in overestimationof treatment results; reverse causality b. = study outcome precededand caused actually the exposure; selection (sample distortion) b.= selected cases may not represent adequately the whole populationor baseline characteristics may be different between twopopulations; principal b. reducing techniques are blinding andrandomization; b. can also be induced by dropouts becausethey rarely occur fully independent of the treatments being tested;→ see also berkson’s bias, drug channelling, ecological fallacy,error, hawthorne effect intent-to-treat a., labellingphenomenon, life event data, Neyman fallacy, placebo effect,regression paradox, sequence effect.bibliographical application EC: abriged application made by referenceto published scientific literature; relevance and quality ofthese data should be stressed; → see also application.binary outcomes → see data.bioanalytical method particular method used for quantitative measurementof analytes in a given biological matrix, e.g., blood, plasma,serum, or urine; → see analysis.bioavailability EC: rate and extent to which the active substance ortherapeutic moiety is absorbed from a pharmaceutical form andbecomes available at the site of action; absolute b.: bioavailabilityof a given pharmaceutical form as compared with that (100%) followingintravenous administration; relative b.: bioavailability of agiven pharmaceutical form administered by any route other thanintravenous; b. is usually determined by blood level and/or urinaryexcretion data; examples of factors on which the b. dependsare: disintegration-, dissolution rate, crystalline form, state of hydration,of ionisation, chemical stability in (gastric) fluids, surfacearea, presence or competition with food or drugs, drug binding tobiological constituents as plasma protein or red blood cells, diseasestates, demographic characteristics (age, sex, race), firstpasseffect a.s.o.; → see also dissolution test, formulation,pharmacokinetic, steady state study, suprabioavailability.biobank Collection of tissue samples that may be used for a personalizedtherapy.bioequivalence Equivalent doses of different dosage forms deliverthe same amount of drug (e.g. 3x100mg vs. 1x300mg tablets);drugs whose rate and extent of absorption differ by ≤20% (with thesame bioavailability) are generally are considered as bioequiva-bio