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of education. Nevertheless, families welcome discussions on schooling and education. This may partly be a result of increased awareness and mobilisation of educational activities initiated by the government in the decade of the 1990s. As evident from Table 9, the villages selected are neither too remote nor very accessible, thus fairly representative of the study area. All six villages are served by functioning Government Primary School and Aanganwadi (ICDS) Centre, private schools and in some cases, private tuition classes. The urban settlements are quite diverse (Table 10). Location (middle of town / periphery), years of settlement and migration pattern influence the character of the settlement. Relatively new settlements on the city outskirts are the most deprived in terms of infrastructure, i.e., electrification, road, transport, access to safe drinking water / sanitation, health care and immunisation services. The living conditions – type of housing (plastic sheet shacks / metal or tin roofs), unhygienic surroundings, open drains and garbage from the city affects the health and overall well being of families in general and to children in particular. Involvement in collection and sorting of garbage, processing recyclable waste and in petty chores in and around the house take up a significant proportion of time of a child’s life. Discussions with children in all the three states revealed that many of them work before and after school – especially the girls (See Tables 22 and 23: What children do before ad after school). Thus, being enrolled in school does not necessarily imply that they are free from work. If one were to compare the overall living conditions of children in the different areas surveyed, the situation of children in urban slums stands out as the most dismal. Children in urban slums Page 24
Village Village 1 UP Village 2 UP Village 1 Karnataka Village 2 Karnataka Village 1 AP Village 2 AP Population 2294 1600 1704 5094 Caste / Community OBCs – dominant. SCs Few Muslims families OBC – dominant SC poor Few Brahmins ST (Dominant), SC, muslim and OBC SC (dominant), ST and OBC Table 9: Profile of sample villages Infrastructure Occupation Location Pucca road, electrified but erratic, open wells for water, few personal toilets Pucca road 2 km away, erratic electricity, hand pumps, few toilets All weather road, electrified, bore wells / hand pump All weather road, electrified, 1205 Tribal 100% 10 KM from Mandal HQ 1115 SC, BC, ST and OC 4 KM from Mandal HQ Ag wage labour – mainstay of poor Few children work to repay loan Wage labour, road construction, seasonal migration to city Ag labour, construction work Ag labour, wage labour including construction Ag labour, road work and other wage labour Ag labour Construction Wage work 30 KM and 7 KM from main road 20 KM from Block HQ 2 KM from Pucca Road 11om Taluk HQ 14 KM from Taluk HQ Pucca road up to village, good bus service Pucca road up to village Yes Yes ICDS Centre 2 AWV 1 Golla and 1 other 2 AWC 1 SC and 1 other 1 AWC 1 AWC and 1 ECE at Tribal hamlet School Health 1 GPS 1 Pvt. School 1 GPS 1 Pvt School Beautiful and bright schools 1 GPS (Golla) 1 GPS (others) Beautiful and brightly painted government schools 1 GPS (SC) 1 GPS (all) 1 Pvt. Sch 1 GPS 1 TW Res School 1 GPS 1 GUPS 1 Pvt Sch High School and degree at Mandal HQ Educational Resource Unit Page 25 April 2003 PHC 3 km, ANM irregular, shop sells OTC medicines Trained CHW in village, ANM irregular, shop sells OTC medicines ANM visits village, PHC 11 KM away ANM visits village, PHC 14 KM 1 PHU and 1 Med Shop ANM visits 1 a month, Govt. hospital at Mandal ANM visits 1 a month. RMP in village
Page 1 and 2: Publication released by World Bank
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements My first and heart
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF TABLES Table 1: ICD Concept
Page 7 and 8: GLOSSARY Ab iska kahan fayada hota
Page 9 and 10: Taluka Administrative unit - often
Page 11 and 12: concentric domains that span proxim
Page 13 and 14: Taking its cue from the above frame
Page 15 and 16: The rising cost of healthcare can h
Page 17 and 18: This emerging phenomenon of ‘hier
Page 19 and 20: day workshop in Hyderabad in late A
Page 21 and 22: Profile of the study area: Key indi
Page 23: stable, Uttar Pradesh continues to
Page 27 and 28: SECTION TWO: THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE
Page 29 and 30: implicated, wholly or partially, in
Page 31 and 32: women. Since, most children began t
Page 33 and 34: families… The incidence of low bi
Page 35 and 36: Box 4: Devdasi woman of Karnataka K
Page 37 and 38: odies. Running noses, skin rashes a
Page 39 and 40: low, as is knowledge about the link
Page 41 and 42: Box 7: Glimpse of healthcare facili
Page 43 and 44: years, in our sample, suffer from e
Page 45 and 46: Measurements taken in the course of
Page 47 and 48: The problem of irregular food suppl
Page 49 and 50: Box 10: The Aanganwadi worker of th
Page 51 and 52: other services (looking after the c
Page 53 and 54: women who are pregnant and those wh
Page 55 and 56: completed primary education, 13 nev
Page 57 and 58: The same issue was reiterated as we
Page 59 and 60: instance, let us take the example o
Page 61 and 62: gradually becoming more common. Wha
Page 63 and 64: desired. In Uttar Pradesh free text
Page 65 and 66: fuzzy. Learning outcomes are integr
Page 67 and 68: discussed earlier, dry rations seem
Page 69 and 70: mixed village pointing to the need
Page 71 and 72: and further fragment the experience
Page 73 and 74: poverty line. The households survey
Page 75 and 76:
databases in recent years on the is
Page 77 and 78:
and are able to cross the initial b
Page 79 and 80:
contrary to current received wisdom
Page 81 and 82:
- Height and weight for age an impo
Page 83 and 84:
eliable and regular immunisation, m
Page 85 and 86:
Table 27: Utilisation of health rel
Page 87 and 88:
Aanganwadi worker irregular +++ +++
Page 89 and 90:
impedes retention in school is the
Page 91 and 92:
for both. Enhancing access without
Page 93 and 94:
SECTION FOUR: POLICY IMPLICATIONS A
Page 95 and 96:
o While in-service teacher training
Page 97 and 98:
Balwadis of Pratham (Mumbai, Delhi
Page 99 and 100:
and monitoring, poor cold chain mai
Page 101 and 102:
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFRENCES 1. Aggar
Page 103:
47. Sundaram, K. 2001. ‘Employmen
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