conceptual, 100–102content, 98jump, 88, 96–97match, 100–101POV, 98–100zero, 102Cuttability, 88Cutters, 146Cutting off hands and feet, 51Cutting through heads, 52Cycs, 143DD log E (Hurter and Driffield) curve,177–178, 191, 193–196Da Vinci, Leonardo, 44Dailies (rushes), 246Daisies, 292Dance floors, 219Dancyger, Ken, 81, 96Dark Knight, The, 335–336Data wranglers, 171, 294Day exteriors, 124–125, 145–146Day for Night, 323Day-for-night, 323–324Daylight balance, 104, 130, 261color-correct fluorescents, 142HMI units, 130–135LED lights, 136xenons, 135–136Days of Heaven, 229Daytime (photopic) vision, 228–229DCC (Dynamic Contrast Control), 178Deakins, Roger, 9, 159, 249DeBayering, 150Declination (magnetic variation), 329–330Deconstructing reality, 15Dedo, 136Deep focus, 55–60Degrees Kelvin, 231, 235Deliverables, 172Demosaicing, 150, 154Denove, Tom, 141–142, 290Densitometry, 191–193Density filters, 263–264Depth, 40, 42, 106Depth-of-field, 275–280calculations for, 276hyperfocal distance, 277–278long lenses, 56–57in macrophotography, 282–283narrow, 269–270nodal points, 278–279selective focus, 61–62sensors, 150special effects shots, 279wide lenses, 55zooms and, 279–280Depth-of-focus, 275Deschanel, Caleb, 70, 72, 75Design principles, 39–41Detective POV, 11Developing images, 154DI (digital intermediates), 9, 159, 252–253Diagonals, 45, 48Dialog passes, 31Dichroic coating, 139Dichroic filters, 240Diffuse reflection, 270Diffusion, 112, 124Diffusion filters, 256–258DigiBeta, 148, 151Digital Imaging Technicians (DITs), 155,294Digital intermediates (DI), 9, 159, 252–253Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) format, 173Digital video, 148–149, 151, 165, 234. Seealso High-Definition videoDimmers, 117, 123–124, 141–142,314–317, 322Dinos, 137, 139–140Diopters, 283–284Directionas design principle, 41of light, 113–114screen, 81–85Director of photography (DP), 289–290Directors, duties of, 288Dirty single shots, 21–22Discharge sources, 241, 308Distortion of space, 6–7, 55–56DITs (Digital Imaging Technicians), 155,294Dr. Strangelove, 44, 49, 50, 65Documentary style (freeform method),30–32Doggie cams, 35Dollies, 210, 213–214, 217–220Dolly grips, 300Dolly in/out, 218index351
Dolly left/right, 218Domino, 115Door entrances and exits, 88–89Double Indemnity, 69Double printing, 248Doubles, 146Downconversion, 148Downstage, defined, 109, 112DP (director of photography), 289–290DPX (Digital Picture Exchange) format, 173Draughtsman’s Contract, The, 16Dropdown plates (Z-bars), 219Drop-frame format, 168, 170DSC Labs Cambelles, 199Dual link SDI, 162Dutch heads, 217Dutch tilt (dutch angle), 66Duvetyne, 144, 146Dynamic Contrast Control (DCC), 178Dynamic range (latitude), 154, 157–159EECU (extreme close-ups), 21–22. See alsoMacrophotographyEdgecode, 168–170Editingcutaways, 23exposure in post-production, 184freeform method, 30in-camera versus post-production, 166–167inserts, 25reaction shots, 23–24reassembling reality through, 15shooting for, 78–81as syntax of cinema, 17Effects filters, 258Egg-crates, 141EI (Exposure Index), 1898-bit video, 173–1748K HMI units, 13318K HMI units, 132–13385 gel, 119, 239, 24185 series filters, 262–26384 Charlie MoPic, 35–3681 series filters, 26282 series filters, 26280 series filters, 262–263Electricians (lighting technicians), 287–288,299Electronic Theater Controls (ETC) SourceFours, 144Ellipsoidal reflector spots (ERS), 144Elliptical cuts, 81, 102Emphasis inserts, 26Emulsion, 188End marks, 294ENR (Ernesto Novelli Rimo), 250Entering frame, 89–90ERS (ellipsoidal reflector spots), 144Establishing shots, 21, 95–96characters, 96geography, 18–20, 96high-angle shots, 64place, 95reveals, 24time, 95as tool of cinematography, 10ETC (Electronic Theater Controls) SourceFours, 144Exiting frame, 89–90Expansion of space, 55–56Explosions, 326Expository shots, 10, 64Exposure, 116, 181–208brightness perception, 194camera and, 207–208contrast, 194–198controlling, 182–183cosine law, 187densitometry, 191–193determining, 198elements of, 183–184film versus video, 185f/stops, 186grayscale, 203–207inverse square law, 187ISO/ASA, 187–188light and film, 188–191light as energy, 186lighting and, 107in macrophotography, 282post-production editing, 184strobes, 317–318tools for, 199–200types of, 185video, 198–199Zone System, 200–203Exposure Index (EI), 189Extension plates, 219Extension tubes, 284cinematography352
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cinematographytheory and practiceim
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cinematographytheory and practiceim
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contentsIntroductionThe Scope of th
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lighting sources 129The Tools of Li
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Video Exposure 198The Tools 199The
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optics & focus 269Physical Basis Of
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INTRODUCTIONTo a great extent the k
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writing with motion© 2012 Elsevier
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Figures 1.2 through 1.5. Visual ele
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a T-shirt, even though it hardly se
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factors involved: contrast and shar
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TextureThese days, we rarely shoot
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Figure 1.24. (top) This scene fromC
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Film is a dream — but whose?Bruce
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Figure 2.2. To convey the sense oft
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The Shots: Building Blocks of a Sce
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Figures 2.5 and 2.6. Ever the maste
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Close-upsClose-ups are one of the m
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Figure 2.15. (above) An atmospheric
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InsertsAn insert is an isolated, se
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Figure 2.23. A master shot fromRoni
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Overlapping or Triple-Take MethodTh
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Shooting the Freeform MethodHere’
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INVOLVING THE AUDIENCE: POVRecall t
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More subjectiveMore subjectiveMore
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visual language© 2012 Elsevier Inc
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Figure 3.3. (top) Balance plays a r
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Texture tors,texture gives
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Left/RightLargely a result of cultu
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FORCES OF VISUAL ORGANIZATIONAll of
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Figure 3.16. (top) The sinuous S an
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Open and Closed FrameAn open frame
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Figure 3.25. (above) The rule ofthi
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language of the lens© 2012 Elsevie
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Figure 4.3. The wide lens creates a
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shots and action sequences. The lim
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Manipulating PerspectiveThere are m
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Selective FocusThe characteristic o
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IMAGE CONTROL AT THE LENSSome techn
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Low AngleA low-angle shot can make
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visual storytelling© 2012 Elsevier
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penetrates the dusty darkness of ig
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Figure 5.6. The black-and-whitefilm
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Figure 5.11. (top) The Judge, themo
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Figure 5.21. (above) The momentbefo
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cinematic continuity© 2012 Elsevie
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As discussed in Shooting Methods, t
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over some of that move. To just ski
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Figure 6.14. The line established b
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audience. That is its only reason f
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Figure 6.22. In this scene of a cou
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Figure 6.25. The 20% rule and the30
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Prop Continuity in CoverageThe prin
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Look Establishes New LineIn a relat
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INTRODUCTIONSWhen you are bringing
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Figures 6.45. (top) A dramatic ands
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As discussed in Shooting Methods, s
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Figure 6.51 (top). In 2001: A Space
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lighting basics© 2012 Elsevier Inc
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to a neutral card. This would likel
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Figure 7.5. (top) Lighting can crea
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Soft light: Light from a large sour
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Figure 7.11. (top) Flat front light
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— from very light, almost translu
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Figure 7.18. Blown out windows ands
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Ambient Plus Accentsevery corner of
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Available Light WindowsWindow light
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Carrying a LampOften we want the la
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Figure 7.31. (top) If the practical
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danger here is your background: sin
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Figure 7.36. (top) Direct sunlight
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lighting sources© 2012 Elsevier In
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BallastsAll HMIs require a ballast,
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Figure 8.6. Larry Mole Parker ofMol
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the holder. Contamination will incr
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TennersThe 10K tungsten Fresnel com
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go from a very wide beam to a very
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Figure 8.21. (top) Barger Baglights
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Cycs, Strips, Nooks and BroadsWhen
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Figure 8.28. (above) A Mini Musco i
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HD cinematography© 2012 Elsevier I
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10075HighlightsFigure 9.2. An analo
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DIGITAL VIDEODigital video exists i
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Lossy and Lossless CompressionA los
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Figure 9.7. (top) SMPTE 75% colorba
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104° Red61° Magenta167° Yellow0
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Video Noise and GrainMotion picture
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Figure 9.15. Component outputson th
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Figure 9.17. Blue-only color barssh
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Figure 9.21. (above) The Chromadu M
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The Decision MatrixHere’s an orga
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Figure 9.24. (top) The timecodepane
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TAPELESS PRODUCTIONOne advantage (i
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Cineon and DPX FilesOriginally crea
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Figure 9.30. (top) A gradient grays
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Figure 9.35. (top) Shot on thecamer
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CONTROLLING THE HD IMAGECertain bas
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exposure© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All r
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close down the iris to a small open
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The Bottom LineHere’s the key poi
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one whole f/stop, we double the qua
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the lower the light level the film
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Figure 10.14. The Hurter andDriffie
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Figure 10.16. Differences betweena
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The total brightness range of the s
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ABCDEFFigure 10.20. Exposure on fil
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more critical in video than in film
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“blinding white,” and so on. We
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Zones in a SceneExamine a typical s
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meter. The two readings should be t
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ViewfinderMirror(closed section)Ope
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camera movement© 2012 Elsevier Inc
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Figure 11.2. A Chapman Lenny Armrig
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Figure 11.3. A very simple pipe dol
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Circle Track MovesWhen ordering a d
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Dutch HeadDutch angle is when the c
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front wheels are locked in and func
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Crane/Jib ArmA crane is any camera
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CAR SHOTSCar shots have always been
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SteadicamThe Steadicam revolutioniz
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color© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All righ
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Functions of the EyeThere are many
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creates white. The human eye has re
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Red/Blue Axis(Color Temperature)Neu
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Figure 12.19. Strong monochromaticc
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Figure 12.21. This shot from FightC
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STRATEGIES FOR DEALING WITH EXISTIN
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Table 12.5. Gels can be used to cor
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Figure 13.1. (previous page) CCE,a
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Push processing tends to increase c
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Skip BleachSkip-Bleach bleach
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Other Image Control TechniquesCross
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Figure 13.4. The distinctive lookof
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Output0255255255InputInput3D LUTsti
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Figure 13.10. (left) The image with
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Figure 13.18. (top, near right) The
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Figure 13.22. (top) An 85B.Figure 1
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Table 13.5. Effects of filters in b
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Figure 13.27. (top) Scene with nofi
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Figure 13.31. The distinctive looki
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Figure 14.1. (previous page)Extreme
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Figure 14.4. Refraction.FOCUSFocus
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Figure 14.6. How iris openingaffect
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Figure 14.8. Deep focus (extremedep
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Lens focus set at infinityHyperfoca
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Figure 14.11. (top) In both of thes
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Figure 14.15. A split diopter gives
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Figure 14.16. (top) A snorkle syste
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photographed by the video camera se
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Figure 15.1. (previous page) A typi
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Figure 15.3. DP Tom Denove usinga s
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Figure 15.5. (top) Attaching a filt
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Figure 15.8. (top) Types of toemark
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Figure 15.12. Timecode slating with
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Figure 15.14. SteadiCam or handheld
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