King Asoka and Buddhism - Urban Dharma

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I have drawn closer to the Sangha and have becomemore ardent.” Thapar, p. 259.49. Mhv., V, 78. All Buddhist sources, Pali and Sanskrit, speakof 84,000 Vihāras. Sanskrit sources call them Dharmarājikas.The Vihara ascribed to Aśoka in Taxila is knownas Dharmarājika Vihāra. Chinese tradition gives thefigure as 80,000. Cf. Edkins, p. 105.50. Mhv., V, 201 – 206; XIII – XX. The most controversial issueamong Aśokan scholars has been the identity and authenticityof Mahinda and Saṅghamittā. Their names as wellas their roles and achievements have been mentioned onlyin Sri Lankan sources. Traditions recorded by Chinese pilgrimshave introduced further confusions. Early scholars,who had no idea of the Buddhist practice of renamingpersons entering the Sangha, considered the nameSanghamittā (a friend of the Sangha) to be a later fabrication.Cf. names like Sanghadāsi (Jataka VI, p. 481 andDhammapadaṭṭhakathā I, p. 396), Sanghadāyikā (ApadānaII, p. 655) and Sanghā (Therīgāthā, verse 18). These werenames of people who were not adherents of Buddhism.51. Both the Sri Lankan Pali sources and those of the NorthernBuddhists (e.g. Divyāvadāna) agree on the figure96 crores as the sum spent by Aśoka on his massiveprogramme of constructing Vihāras, etc. Mhv., V, 79 – 80.Regarding the impact of his generosity on the Sangha,see V, 228 – 56.52. Mhv., XII, XVIII, XIX.53. MRE XIII231
54. H.G. Wells, The Outline of History (London, 1920). See also hisA Short History of the World (London: Pelican, 1922), pp. 94 – 95.55. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Aśoka, (Delhi: Banarsidass, 1972),pp. 1 – 2. Barua further compared Aśoka to Darius, Xerxesand St. Paul; pp. 329 ff.56. D.C. Vijayavardhana, The Revolt in the Temple (Colombo:Sinha, 1953), p. 557.57. Jawaharalal Nehru, The Discovery of India (London:Meridian, 1960), p. 39.58. Ibid., p. 123. Section XXI, pp. 121 – 24, constitutes one ofthe most inspiring appreciations of Aśoka written inmodern times.59. Vijayavardhana, pp. 47 – 48.60. Quoted in Ibid., p. 558.61. Quoted in Ibid., p. 559.62. E. Senart, Inscriptions de Piyadasi 2, 231 quoted in T.W. RhysDavids, Buddhist India (Delhi: Banarsidass, 1971), p. 276.63. Sylvain Levi, Journal des Savants (1905), p. 539, quoted inWinternitz, II, p. 209.64. Rhys Davids, p. 275.65. Winternitz, II, p. 209, n. 1.66. Sukumar Dutt, The Buddha and Five After-Centuries,(London: Luzac, 1957), p. 157. Dutt does not, however,give reasons for his assumption that the Schism Edictsshould have referred to the Third Buddhist Council.What if the Council was long afer these admonitions?232
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King Asoka and BuddhismHistorical &
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Buddhism / Indian History / Asian S
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ContentsThe Contributors ..........
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3. The Gathering of the Relics ....
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owing to the inability of certain s
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1Aśoka — The Great UpāsakaRICHA
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Buddhism which Aśoka announced in
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not only urges diligence on others,
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84,000 monasteries and as many stū
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e Aśoka, a layman, who tests monks
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eousness can hardly have been Buddh
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Notes1. P.H.L. Eggermont, The Chron
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2Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflectedin
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elation to Brahmanism. There was ce
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the correct doctrine. What is of si
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is the nearest that we get in the i
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days remains unclear unless the com
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since he showed them the way and th
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the importance of trade, the first
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accordance with dhamma was preferab
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in Kalinga, is interestingly omitte
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was largely absent. The phrase that
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That the larger corpus of edicts we
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3Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism:Unreso
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to punish them for their crimes, so
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Aśokan scholars since the 1830’s
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Pandukabhaya had built them a resid
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The Mahāmātras stationed at Kauś
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The Sri Lankan Pali records, which
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problem. Nor would there be a diffi
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17 th Gets concerned over indiscipl
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to gratify ambition and enrich the
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whose central theme is the conquest
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are altogether silent on a Kalinga
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All men are my children. Just as, i
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within his dominions. The frontier
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tendents of matters relating to the
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edicts addressed to the Saṅgha; a
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evidence of Aśoka’s own lithic r
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all these sermons could be describe
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ecords relating to Dharma, appointe
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the other peoples dwelling about th
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earlier, the creation of the new ca
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five Greek kings among themselves a
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gratitude, amounting at times to sh
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e inconsistencies begin to make sen
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onistically with a brahmin exponent
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3 rd ed. rev. (New Delhi: Governmen
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far been found, the latest being th
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made, it rendered subsequent steps
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its Culture, 2nd. ed. rev. (Colombo
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The central theme in the majority o
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on a statement made by I-tsing 5 th
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confused accounts of the Sanskrit S
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the Vinaya. Some of them tended the
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In the foregoing data we have two i
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Aśoka cannot be expected to decide
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and while Aśoka who meted out such
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(2) Aliyavasāni (P. Ariyavaṃsān
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to it as sambuddhasamayaṃ, “the
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5Aśoka and the Emergence of a Sinh
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5. the Mahābodhivaṃsa (10 th or
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3. The Mission to Sri Lanka: Brief
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was planted in the Mahāmegha Park
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disbelieve these events associated
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and he saw to it that his actions s
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at Kalinga, would have paid special
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missionaries to propagate the Buddh
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To the first question the answer is
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fore Mahinda Thera’s Buddhist mis
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and the countries they visited. 47
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order. 55 Their son Sumana was a me
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it to wither away. But Aśoka manag
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Notes1. G.P. Malalasekera, ed. Va
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ical and Social Studies, Vol. I, No
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6Images of Aśoka:Some Indian and S
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legends and stories that were told
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Sanskrit avadānas each have their
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who pointed out the honey store bec
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the Fierce — an appellation that
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the end of Aśoka’s life, it is o
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somewhat regained consciousness, he
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elics of the Buddha for redistribut
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the glory of Sri Lanka and on its p
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Secondly, related to this are the d
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It is clear, then, that this is a t
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how in the Aśokāvadāna these wer
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eborn as a god in one of the heaven
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the night, the guardian gods came t
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monarch bested by a nāga, nor, out
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as Japan were inspired to emulate i
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ConclusionWith this Lokapaññatti
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6. A.L. Basham, “The Rise of Budd
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y dint of his military power. This
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43. Strong, p. 192. Upagupta has al
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Page 196 and 197: sequently carried on in the histori
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Page 200 and 201: of Jalauka’s name in other record
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Page 204 and 205: Upagupta commanded immense venerati
Page 206 and 207: (5) His conversion to Buddhism is a
Page 208 and 209: whose noble fame travelled far and
Page 210 and 211: surrounded by a coating of inventio
Page 212 and 213: missionary role claimed by Aśoka i
Page 214 and 215: Aśoka and, by implication, these m
Page 216 and 217: of forbearance and light punishment
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Page 220 and 221: ascribed to Aśoka ideas and deeds
Page 222 and 223: the only scholar of the West to dis
Page 224 and 225: such a way that no heretical monks
Page 226 and 227: (2) that he used Buddhism — or ra
Page 228 and 229: in this by the fact that these sect
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Page 232 and 233: ecame infinitely more spiritual. Bu
Page 234 and 235: frontier areas as a reaction agains
Page 236 and 237: Present-day India has been so impre
Page 238 and 239: 3. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Age of th
Page 240 and 241: y V. Sirinivasa Sarma (Delhi: Banar
Page 242 and 243: Pali et Traduction, L’Ecole fran
Page 246 and 247: The chronological constraints have
Page 248 and 249: MapsAśoka’s Indian Empire235
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