King Asoka and Buddhism - Urban Dharma

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ContentsThe Contributors ....................................................................................................................... viEditor’s Preface .......................................................................................................................... xiEditor’s Note ............................................................................................................................. xiiAcknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xiii1 Aśoka — The Great UpāsakaRICHARD GOMBRICH ................................................................................................. 11. Aśoka’s Inscriptions ........................................................................................ 22. Aśoka in Buddhist Tradition ..................................................................... 63. The Missions: Interpreting the Evidence ......................................... 10Notes ........................................................................................................................... 132 Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflected in the Aśokan EdictsROMILA THAPAR ......................................................................................................... 153 Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism:Unresolved Discrepancies betweenBuddhist Tradition & Aśokan InscriptionsANANDA W.P. GURUGE ......................................................................................... 371. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 372. Conversion of Aśoka to Buddhism ..................................................... 423. When, How and by Whom? ................................................................... 464. Major Discrepancies in Events and Dates ....................................... 495. Historical Reliability of Rock Edict XIII ........................................... 546. Aśoka’s Role in thePropagation of Buddhism in his Empire ........................................ 637. Foreign Missions of Aśoka ......................................................................... 70viii
8. Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 79Notes .......................................................................................................................... 844 Aśoka’s Edicts and the Third Buddhist CouncilN.A. JAYAWICKRAMA ............................................................................................... 92Notes ........................................................................................................................ 1065 Aśoka and the Emergenceof a Sinhala Buddhist State in Sri LankaANURADHA SENEVIRATNA .................................................................................. 1111. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1112. Sources .............................................................................................................. 1123. The Mission to Sri Lanka: Brief Account ....................................... 1154. The Political Background ...................................................................... 1185. The Sri Lanka-Kalinga Tie ..................................................................... 1226. Aśoka and Tissa ........................................................................................... 1257. The Advent of Mahinda .......................................................................... 1308. Saṅghamittā and the Bodhi Tree ...................................................... 1329. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 135Notes ........................................................................................................................ 1376 Images of Aśoka:Some Indian and Sri LankanLegends and their DevelopmentJOHN S. STRONG ..................................................................................................... 141A. The Early Traditions ......................................................... 1461. The Gift of Honey and the Gift of Dirt ......................................... 1462. The Fate of the Bodhi Tree .................................................................. 152ix
Page 1 and 2: King Asoka and BuddhismHistorical &
Page 4: Buddhism / Indian History / Asian S
Page 10 and 11: 3. The Gathering of the Relics ....
Page 12 and 13: owing to the inability of certain s
Page 14 and 15: 1Aśoka — The Great UpāsakaRICHA
Page 16 and 17: Buddhism which Aśoka announced in
Page 18 and 19: not only urges diligence on others,
Page 20 and 21: 84,000 monasteries and as many stū
Page 22 and 23: e Aśoka, a layman, who tests monks
Page 24 and 25: eousness can hardly have been Buddh
Page 26 and 27: Notes1. P.H.L. Eggermont, The Chron
Page 28 and 29: 2Aśoka and Buddhism as Reflectedin
Page 30 and 31: elation to Brahmanism. There was ce
Page 32 and 33: the correct doctrine. What is of si
Page 34 and 35: is the nearest that we get in the i
Page 36 and 37: days remains unclear unless the com
Page 38 and 39: since he showed them the way and th
Page 40 and 41: the importance of trade, the first
Page 42 and 43: accordance with dhamma was preferab
Page 44 and 45: in Kalinga, is interestingly omitte
Page 46 and 47: was largely absent. The phrase that
Page 48 and 49: That the larger corpus of edicts we
Page 50 and 51: 3Emperor Aśoka and Buddhism:Unreso
Page 52 and 53: to punish them for their crimes, so
Page 54 and 55: Aśokan scholars since the 1830’s
Page 56 and 57: Pandukabhaya had built them a resid
Page 58 and 59:
The Mahāmātras stationed at Kauś
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The Sri Lankan Pali records, which
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problem. Nor would there be a diffi
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17 th Gets concerned over indiscipl
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to gratify ambition and enrich the
Page 68 and 69:
whose central theme is the conquest
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are altogether silent on a Kalinga
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All men are my children. Just as, i
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within his dominions. The frontier
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tendents of matters relating to the
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edicts addressed to the Saṅgha; a
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evidence of Aśoka’s own lithic r
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all these sermons could be describe
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ecords relating to Dharma, appointe
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the other peoples dwelling about th
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earlier, the creation of the new ca
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five Greek kings among themselves a
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gratitude, amounting at times to sh
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e inconsistencies begin to make sen
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onistically with a brahmin exponent
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3 rd ed. rev. (New Delhi: Governmen
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far been found, the latest being th
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made, it rendered subsequent steps
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its Culture, 2nd. ed. rev. (Colombo
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The central theme in the majority o
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on a statement made by I-tsing 5 th
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confused accounts of the Sanskrit S
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the Vinaya. Some of them tended the
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In the foregoing data we have two i
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Aśoka cannot be expected to decide
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and while Aśoka who meted out such
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(2) Aliyavasāni (P. Ariyavaṃsān
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to it as sambuddhasamayaṃ, “the
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5Aśoka and the Emergence of a Sinh
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5. the Mahābodhivaṃsa (10 th or
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3. The Mission to Sri Lanka: Brief
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was planted in the Mahāmegha Park
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disbelieve these events associated
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and he saw to it that his actions s
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at Kalinga, would have paid special
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missionaries to propagate the Buddh
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To the first question the answer is
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fore Mahinda Thera’s Buddhist mis
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and the countries they visited. 47
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order. 55 Their son Sumana was a me
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it to wither away. But Aśoka manag
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Notes1. G.P. Malalasekera, ed. Va
Page 152 and 153:
ical and Social Studies, Vol. I, No
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6Images of Aśoka:Some Indian and S
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legends and stories that were told
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Sanskrit avadānas each have their
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who pointed out the honey store bec
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the Fierce — an appellation that
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the end of Aśoka’s life, it is o
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somewhat regained consciousness, he
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elics of the Buddha for redistribut
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the glory of Sri Lanka and on its p
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Secondly, related to this are the d
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It is clear, then, that this is a t
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how in the Aśokāvadāna these wer
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eborn as a god in one of the heaven
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the night, the guardian gods came t
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monarch bested by a nāga, nor, out
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as Japan were inspired to emulate i
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ConclusionWith this Lokapaññatti
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6. A.L. Basham, “The Rise of Budd
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y dint of his military power. This
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43. Strong, p. 192. Upagupta has al
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62. T.W. Rhys Davids, E. Carpenter,
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sequently carried on in the histori
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Aśoka remained largely a name in t
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of Jalauka’s name in other record
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the Sanskrit original is no longer
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Upagupta commanded immense venerati
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(5) His conversion to Buddhism is a
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whose noble fame travelled far and
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surrounded by a coating of inventio
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missionary role claimed by Aśoka i
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Aśoka and, by implication, these m
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of forbearance and light punishment
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from the pens of many an intellectu
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ascribed to Aśoka ideas and deeds
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the only scholar of the West to dis
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such a way that no heretical monks
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(2) that he used Buddhism — or ra
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in this by the fact that these sect
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of the land’s greatest moments in
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ecame infinitely more spiritual. Bu
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frontier areas as a reaction agains
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Present-day India has been so impre
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3. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, Age of th
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y V. Sirinivasa Sarma (Delhi: Banar
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Pali et Traduction, L’Ecole fran
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I have drawn closer to the Sangha a
Page 246 and 247:
The chronological constraints have
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MapsAśoka’s Indian Empire235
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