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230 AUSTEM.ASIA.for the cultivation of rice, sweet potatoes, and other alimentary produce. All theplots belong to the cultivators themselves, who sell only the surplus of their crops,and this surplus, bought up by Chinese and other middlemen, constitutes thegreat bulk of the commodities exported by the Manilla merchants. But theexports are still far less than they might be, for the cultivated lands are estimatedat not more than 4,500,000 acres, or scarcely one-fifteenth of the whole
IXITAF.ITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES.2filIndies have learnt to read and ^\Tite Spanish, and even when emploj-ing their nativeidioms they substitute the Eoman for the somewhat rude and difficult charactersof Hindu origin, which were in use before the arrival of the Spaniards. Thecivilised natives have also adopted the European costume, though in a modifiedform, wearing the shirt as a blouse, and the Chinese form of hat.Speaking generally, the Indies of the Philippines may be regarded as amongstthe happiest populations in the world. They lead a pleasant, easy life in the midstof their fragrant gardens, under the shade of fruit-laden palms, and on the banksof babbling brooks. In many places they sow their rice in cadence, to the soundof violin or clarionette. But they yield too readily to indolent habits, and omitno opportimity of indulging in the national vice of gambling. Cock-fightingis a favourite sport on feast days, and the Eoman Catholic religion itself is forthem little more than a succession of festive amusements. Troubling themselves•little with questions of dogma, they disjilay extraordinary zeal in the celebration ofthe pompous rites of the Roman liturgy, and a great part of their existence isthus passed in the observance of practices not greatly differing from those of theirprimitive cult. A domestic altar, with the images of the Madonna and saints, successorsof the ancient anitos, occupies the place of honour in every household, andthe humblest hamlet has its special feast, during which these sacred images, drapedin embroidered silks and crowned with chaplets of flowers, are borne at the headof brilliant processions. The churches, built in the Spanish " Jesuit " style, aresimilarly decorated with rich hangings, bannerols and floral festoons, while everyvillage has its band of musicians, who accompany the religious ceremonies with aflourish of trombones and cymbals. Actors also are frequently engaged to performthe " mysteries," and play comedies in which the sacred and profane are strangelyintermingled, the feast days kept in honour of the saints usually winding up witha grand display of fireworks.The cure, especially if a Spaniard by birth, is the most influential person in thedistrict, and to him the "Capitan" applies for advice on all serious occasions.The church bells announce the hour of his siesta, and on him far more than ontroops and arms the government depends for the absolute submission of the convertednatives. But the increasing relations with the outer world, the spread ofeducation, the diffusion of profane literature daily penetrating more and moredespite the censure of the press, all tend to bring about a new order of things,under which the Indios, while becoming more assimilated to their Europeanmaster, must gain in independence and moral freedom. Hence the local clergyshow themselves little favourable to changes threatening to diminish their influenceover their congregations. They even see with reluctance the slow spread of theSpauish language amongst the natives. But this result is inevitable since theofficial decree that no Indio can henceforth exercise any remunerative or publicfunction, even in the villages, unless he can read and write Spanish.Topography of the Philippines.Manilla, capital of the Philippines, lies on a spacious oval-shaped bay at the
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:y£.:^ >M'%m
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OF THE•JNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
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^5 \onrNTED BY J. S. VI'iTUR AND CO
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•ivCONTENTS.CHAP.VI. New Guinea a
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: . . .LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.LISTOF
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1*1— ii'^ ixB- , a.•'-'\\• '
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2 AUSTEALASIA.great oceanic depress
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4 AUSTRALAMA.Sumatra to Tasmania, a
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OCEANIC EXPLOEATION. 7110 less than
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LIBRARYOF THEMNIVEftSITYofltUNOlS.
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10 AUSTEALASIA.group discovered by
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12 AUSTEALASIA.as a god, but soon a
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14 AUSTRALASIA.where he'came close
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IGAUSTRALASIA.enterprise the seriou
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18 AUSTEALARIA.,few hundred fathoms
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20 AUSTRALASIA.everywhere a clay fo
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OCEANIC AEEIAL CUEEEXTS. 21ing as t
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M-VEIXE CUBEEXTS. 23of the conflict
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MARINE CUREKXTS. 25consequently rel
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DIUFT ICE. 27drifting northwards wi
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VOLCANIC AGEXCIES. 29Ze;ilanrl, com
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CORALLINE FORMATIONS. 31sequently i
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CORAL FORMATIONS. 83so the reef con
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# .^1'.' k
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OCE.\KIC FLOEA. 35than a hundred di
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OCEANIC FAUNA. 37Old World except i
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INHABITANTS OF THE OCEANIC REGIONS.
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THE M/\.SCAEENHAS. 41in winter, and
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MAUEITIUS. 4:3swept away seventy-tw
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h•, J
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MAUEITITTS. 45aloe fibre, and cocoa
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EEUNIOX. 47highest point of the isl
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4t>*«#. .^,#^
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REUNION. 49standing its fertility,
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
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52 AUSTEALAPTA.Galets, St. Denis, t
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54 AUSTEAI.ASIAoa the banks of Rodr
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5CAUSTRALASIA.are the cocoanut palm
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58 AUSTEAT-ASIA.and Athens in the n
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,i
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60 AUSTRALASIA.buffeted by fierce g
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62 AUSTRALASIA.Formerly the island
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CHAPTER III.HE EASTEEN ARCHIPELAGO
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IXDONESIA.6SI.ndo-Malaya andAustro-
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INDONESIA.G7and their conquests hav
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IXDONESIA. 69fortune * some years a
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FLORA OF I>rDONT:SIA. 71whole of ll
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FAUNA OF IXDOXESIA. 73the other isl
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FAUXA OF INDONESIA. 75At the same t
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IXHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 77In the
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INHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 79black,
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SUMATRA. 81The Siimatran mountain s
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SUMATRAN HIGHLAXDS. 83wealth of the
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SUMATEAN HIGHLANDS. 85chasm visited
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onKEAKATAU. 87Krakai'au.Till recent
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KEAKATAU. 89ashes and pumice was es
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SUMATRAN ElYERS. 91alluvial lands a
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SUMATEAN ISLANDS. 93to the west the
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IXHABITAXTS OF SUMATRA. 95camphor,
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'.=INHABITANTS OF SUMATEA. 97dant h
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IXUAEIT.VXTS OF SUMATRA. 99The lang
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IXHABITANTS OP SUMATRA. 101On the d
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IN'HABITANTS OF SUMATRA. 103neighbo
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INHABITANTS OF SUJIATRA. 105all spe
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TOPOGRAPHY OF SUMATRA. 107thousand
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TOPOGEAPIIY OP SUMATRA 109about £6
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TOPOGEAPHY OF SUMATRA.Illlocal sayi
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LlSfiARYOF THEiNIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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114 AUSTRALASIA.contribute to swell
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noAUSTRALASIA.coast. Belonging geol
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118 AUSTEALASIA.not disposed in rid
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120 AUSTRALASIA.same geological for
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122 AUSTEALASIA.Permanent European
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124 AUSTRALASIA.ubruptly, the pass
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] 20 AUSTRALASIA.Several ofthe summ
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128 AUSTRALASIA.gradually diminisli
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130 AUSTEiiLASIA.Kiijang, the ScbuT
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182 AUSTRALASIA.and rosins. On the
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134 AUSTRALASIA.The great bulk of t
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136 AUSTRALASIA.people in the whole
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ILIBRARYOF THE'NIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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133 AUSTBAIASIA.Dajâks, and toward
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InoAUSTRM.ASIA.and backwaters. Here
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142 AUSTRALASIA.The little port of
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144 AUSTRALASIA.Labuan.At the time
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146 AUSTRALASIA.annual surplus devo
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118 AUSTEALASLV.mouth of the Kina-B
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150 AUSTRALASIA.north-westwards tow
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152 AUSTRALASIA.feet) was still act
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One of these volcanoes,the Malabar,
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15GAUSTRALASIA.ground caual which d
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158 AUSTRALASIA.the west. Neverthel
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160 AUSTRALASIA.The Arjuno chain is
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LIBRARYOF THEJNlVERSITYofltLlNOlS,
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162 AUSTRALASIA.crater, is encircle
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164 AUSTRALASIA.natural depression
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J1G(5 AUSTEALA8IA.about a Iniiulved
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•invading-J108 AUSTRALASIA.and to
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170 AUSTRALASIA.Javanese aborigines
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J]7-2 AUSTRALASIA,Although less mun
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174 AUSTRALASIA.Economic Coxiiition
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17C> AUSTRALASIA.them absolutely ;
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178 AUSTRALASIA.Java ranks next to
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180 AUSTRALASIA.these is the kapok
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182 AUSTRALASIA.raw sugars in excha
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184 AUSTRALASIA.quite recent founda
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LONDON. J, SVi\Telolvli Betoen^SU N
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TOPOGRAPHY OF JAVA. 185west of the
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LiotiARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of nUNOIS.
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188 AUSTRALASIA.estuai-y accessible
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190 AUSTRALASIA.affluent of the Sol
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192 AUSTEALASIA.The ruins of the Hi
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TOPOGHAPHY OF JA^'A. 193remains of
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ADinNISTEATION OF JAVA. 195for the
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BALI. 197all rapacious beasts, exce
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BALI. 199Public instruction stands
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LOMBOK. 201A table of all the provi
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LOMBOK.—SUMBAWA. 203Mataram, the
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SUMBAWA. 205these debris represente
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FLOEES. 207tain is at present quies
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SUMBA. 209entirely of limestone cli
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TIMOR. 211fourteentli century, and
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TnroE. 213vegetable zones of the Su
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TIMOR. 215fall asleep, and are not
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—TENIin?EE. 217On the other hand
Page 271 and 272: CELEBES.»219praus, which are expor
Page 273 and 274: [ 1—iiCELEBES. 221wLicb, however,
Page 275 and 276: CELEBES.223reaclnug the sea.Thus th
Page 277 and 278: —CELEBES. 226cultured coastlauder
Page 279 and 280: CELEBES. 227Topography ofCelebes.Th
Page 282 and 283: LISRARVOF THEUNlVERSlTy of ILLINOIS
Page 284 and 285: 230 AtrSTEAlASIA.reefs appearing ab
Page 286: 232 AUSTRALASIA.Guinea. Those of Bu
Page 289 and 290: —THE SOUTHERN MOLUCCAS. 238region
Page 291 and 292: iMPiMliBiiiiiiSliS
Page 293 and 294: —THE SOUTHEEN MOLUCCAS. 285with t
Page 295 and 296: THE NORTHERN MOLUCCAS. 237Tlie Xort
Page 297 and 298: THE NORTHEEX MOLUCCAS. 289Nearly al
Page 299 and 300: THE NOETHEllX MOLUCCAS. 241The capi
Page 301 and 302: ;CHAPTEE IV.THE PHILIPPINES.HE term
Page 303 and 304: THE PIIILIPriXKS. 245ridge is also
Page 306 and 307: LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILUNOIS1
Page 308 and 309: 248 AUSTRALASIA.whose slopes occupy
Page 310 and 311: 250 AUSTBAI.ASIA.to its modified en
Page 312: 252 AUSTRALASIA.60 miles from its m
Page 315 and 316: lyilABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES. 25
Page 317 and 318: some places, and especially Luzon,
Page 319 and 320: —IXHABITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Page 321: INHABITANTS OP THE rillLlITINES. 25
Page 326 and 327: LiBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITYefliLlNOIS.
Page 328 and 329: ;264 AUSTRATiASIA.occupies ono of t
Page 330 and 331: 260 AITSTEALASIA.two miles from eac
Page 332 and 333: '268 AUSTRALASIA.populous member of
Page 334 and 335: 270 AUSTRALASIA.Administratioxof th
Page 336 and 337: —272 AUSTRALASL^.and its iraportu
Page 338 and 339: —CHAPTER V.MICKONESIA.I.The Maria
Page 340: ;270 AUSTRALASIA.Exposed during the
Page 343 and 344: —THE MAEIANAS. 277although baptis
Page 345 and 346: THE PELEW ISLAISTDS. 279together, a
Page 347 and 348: THE CAEOLIXES. 281Eocha readied the
Page 349 and 350: THE CAEOLIXES. 283also affords shel
Page 351 and 352: THE CAEOLES'ES 285purchase hatcliet
Page 353 and 354: THE CAEOLINES. 287tions associated
Page 355 and 356: —EASTERN MiCEONESIA. 289times eve
Page 357 and 358: EASTERN MICEOXESIA. 291by breezes f
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER VI.NEW GUINEA AND ADJACENT
Page 361 and 362: NKW GUINEA. 295the great island ass
Page 363 and 364: PHYSICAL FEATUEES OF NEW GUINEA. 29
Page 365 and 366: —rrTTSIC.\L FEATUEES OP NEW GITIN
Page 367 and 368: —CLIMATE OF NEW GUINEA. 801windin
Page 369 and 370: FAUNA OF NEW GUINEA. 303these are r
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LIBRARYOF THEIKIVERSITYoflLUNOlS.i
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806 AUSTRALASIA.out ever founaering
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H08AUSTRALASIA.frequented market in
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310 AUSTRALASIA.Along the whole of
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812 AUSTRALASIA.time of the discove
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314 AUSTEALASIA."palace," barracks,
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misAUSTRALASIA." Monsieur," as they
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—CHAPTER VII.MELANESIA.LL the isl
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3iOAUSTRALASIA.Hermit and Admiralty
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822 AUSTEALASIA.central part of the
Page 392:
324 AUSTEALASIAPolynesian are inter
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NOETH MELA^ÊSIA. 325Maklaj' to the
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NORTH MELANESIA. 327As a rule the s
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NOKTH MELANESIA. 329west, and which
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—SAXTA-C'RUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 331
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SAXTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 833Clim
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SANTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBEIDES. 335inla
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—FREXCH MELANESIA. 387remarkably
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—FRENCH MELANESIA. 339In New Cale
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FRENCH MELANESIA. 341brooks apiêar
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—FEEXC'II MELANEf^FA.343Imiaiutan
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FRENCH MELANESIA.3i580 many clans,
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LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLlNGi.
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—348 AUSTRALASIA.New Ciik'clonia
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850 AUSTRALASIA.the surrounding far
Page 424 and 425:
CHAPTER VIII.AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA
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AUSTRALIATASMAr
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AUSTRALIA. .353alluvial plains, dee
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—EXPLORATION OF AUSTEALIA. 355isl
Page 433 and 434:
—EXPLORATIOX OF AUSTE.ILIA. 357Th
Page 435 and 436:
THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. 859which lie w
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LIBRARYOF THEINIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
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362 AUSTEALASIA.heat and cold, wind
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3G1AUSTRALASIA.from shoals, begins
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366 AUSTRALASIA.notwithstanding the
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3(J8 AUSTRALASIA.islands ;at anotli
Page 448 and 449:
870 AUSTRALASIA.regions. Neverthele
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872 AUSTRALASIA.The splendour and e
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37iAUSTEALASIA.least three-fourths
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876 AUSTRALASIA.resembled the Malay
Page 456 and 457:
;378 AUSTEALASIA.Australian languag
Page 458 and 459:
—380 AUSTRALASIA.The most charact
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B82AUSTRiVLASIA.towards the rising
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—884 AUSTRALASIA.progress of Chri
Page 464 and 465:
—886 AUSTRALASIA.year to ye:ir th
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338 AUSTRAIASIA.respect even bffore
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SCOAUSTRALASIA.limited uuuiber of w
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392 AUSTRALASIA.the colonief? with
Page 472 and 473:
391 AUSTRALASIA.was adequately repr
Page 474 and 475:
—390 AUSTRALASIA.spaces from the
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;898•AUSTRALASIA.were discovered
Page 478 and 479:
—400 AUSTRALASIA.where is coiitre
Page 480 and 481:
—402 AUSTRALASLV.to the prosperit
Page 482 and 483:
404 AUSTRALASIA.1859. But altliougt
Page 484 and 485:
-100 AUSTRALASIA.2fari/boroi(gh occ
Page 486 and 487:
;408 AUSTRALASIA.development o£ th
Page 488 and 489:
L13RASYOF THE
Page 490 and 491:
SYDNEYA^C to IGfe*T. !atc3:f*LONDON
Page 492 and 493:
LiSRARYOF THEiVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
Page 494 and 495:
;410 AUSTRALASIA.clearing at the ex
Page 496 and 497:
412 AUSTRALASIA.most densely people
Page 498:
411 AUSTRALASIA.Norfolk, over five
Page 501 and 502:
VICTOEIA. 415place of little import
Page 504 and 505:
LI3RAKVOF THEUNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 506:
418 AUSTRALASIA.precious metal. Sin
Page 509 and 510:
TASMANIA. 419about a reaction, and
Page 512 and 513:
LIBRARYOF THEJNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 514 and 515:
422•AUSTRALASIA.Pahiii, and which
Page 516 and 517:
424 AUSTRALASIA.brian pouinsula, wb
Page 518:
—'42GAUSTEAI.ASIA.On the west sid
Page 521 and 522:
NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 427by t
Page 523 and 524:
—NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 429i
Page 525 and 526:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 431K;ii
Page 527 and 528:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 433is 1
Page 530 and 531:
LIBRARYOF THE'INIVERSITV of ILLINOI
Page 532 and 533:
43GAUSTE.VLASIA.siijjpbire tints of
Page 534 and 535:
438 AUSTEALASIA.disappear as if by
Page 536 and 537:
440 AUSTRALASIA.and tailless, of wh
Page 538 and 539:
442 AUSTRAT.ASIA.warlike expedition
Page 540 and 541:
444 AUSTEALASIA.two tribes in 1884.
Page 542 and 543:
446 AUSTRALASIA.Nevertheless, tiiia
Page 544 and 545:
U8AUSTllALASIA.Topography of New Zk
Page 546 and 547:
450 AUSTEALASIA.to navigation.Thank
Page 548:
452 AUSTRALASIA.very remarkable col
Page 551 and 552:
TorOGRAPHT OF NEW ZEALAND. 453the e
Page 553 and 554:
NEW ZEALAND.—ADJACENT ISLANDS. 45
Page 555:
LISRAKVOF THEUNlVERSITVofllLlNOiS
Page 559 and 560:
CIIArTER X.TIIK FIJI ISLANDS.1
Page 561 and 562:
FIJI. 459from Vanua-Levu by the nar
Page 563 and 564:
FIJI.IGleven with the gods, making
Page 565 and 566:
FIJI.4G3raw. He also amused himself
Page 568 and 569:
LIBRARYOF THEDIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
Page 570 and 571:
CHAPTER XLEQUATORIAL POLYNESIA.'OLY
Page 572 and 573:
—4G8AUSTRALASIA.the last Polj'nes
Page 574 and 575:
470 AUSTEALASIA.Samoa, -wliich is r
Page 576 and 577:
—472 AUSTRALASIA.tropical vegetat
Page 579 and 580:
EQUATORIAL POLYXESIA. 473zone of pl
Page 581 and 582:
EQUATOEIAJ. POLTNESIx\.. 475pletel}
Page 583 and 584:
EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 477covering t
Page 585 and 586:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 479supreme
Page 587 and 588:
, , 1EQUATOEIAL POLTXE-IA. 481tions
Page 589 and 590:
EQUATOELVI. POLYXESIA. 483changes o
Page 591 and 592:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 485The who
Page 594 and 595:
LiSRARYOF THEJNlVERSlTYofttLlNOtS,i
Page 596 and 597:
—483 AUSTR.VLASIA.the gi-adual an
Page 598 and 599:
—400 AUSTRALASIA.for the highest
Page 600 and 601:
—402 AIISTRATiASIA.islets, whicli
Page 602 and 603:
494 AUSTRALASIA.in Honolulu, whore,
Page 604:
4'JGAUSTEAIjASIA.Anglicans, Metliod
Page 607 and 608:
HAWAH. 497a province of the great r
Page 609 and 610:
APPENDIX. 499Riouw and Lingga Archi
Page 611 and 612:
—ArrENDix. 501NoETHEEX Moluccas :
Page 613 and 614:
APPENDIX.Anibrym......-.Vate (Sandw
Page 615 and 616:
INDEX.Abang Volcano, 196Abong-Abons
Page 617 and 618:
INDEX. 507Deli Town, 96, 113Demak,
Page 619 and 620:
4INDEX. 509Malu Mountain, 124Mamauu
Page 621 and 622:
'INDEX. 511Salak Mountain, 151, 1S2
Page 626:
UNIVERSITY OF I1-UNOI3-URBANA
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