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270 AUSTRALASIA.Administratioxof the Philippines.The Philippines are governed directly from Madrid by the Crown and Cortes ;hence, without being fundamentally changed, their administration is modifiedwith the vicissitudes of political power in the Iberian peninsula.At the head of affairs stands the governor- general, who commands the militaryand naval forces, and personally administers the island of Luzon, the Yisayasgroup and Mindanao being placed under the authority of subordinate governors.The governor- general is himself assisted by an administrative council, themembers of which are chosen by the central power. A sort of ministry,irresponsible except to this central power, is also constituted by some of thehigher officials, including the government secretary, the head of the staff, thedirectors of financial and civil affairs. The governor- general is considered as the"vice-patron" of the church.The three governments ofLuzon, the Visayas and Mindanao are divided intoprovinces administered either by military governors or by civil alcaldes who areat the same time judges in the first instance in both the civil and criminal courts.In most of Luzon the civil system prevails ; but the regime is strictly military inMindanao, and even in the Yisayas, although the popirlation of these islands isentirely civilised and almost as dense as in the industrial countries of WesternEurope. Each province is divided into pueblos, a term which comprises both thedistrict itself and its chief town ; hence some of these pueblos have a considerablepopulation, ranging from ten thousand to fifteen thousand, and even twentythousand. Such are those in the neighbourhood of Ifanilla, in the southernregions of Luzon, in Panaj^, and some other members of the Visayas group, andeach of these districts is administered bj' a (johcniadorciUo, or "little governor,"who delegates his powers to tenieittcs, or "lieutenants," placed at the head of eachvillage or hamlet in the pueblo.All the higher functionaries are exclusively Spaniards appointed directly fromthe mother country ; but the smaller officials of the pueblos are drawn from thehalf-caste or indigenous classes, and elected for three years by the leading citizensof the district. The gobernadorcillos, called also " captains," are at once mayorsand judges ; but appeal is allowed from their decisions to the alcaldes and theaudieneia, or supreme court of Manilla. The notables of the pueblos are collectivelyresponsible for the taxes, which average about six shillings for every adultbetween sixteen and sixty years of age.The collection of these taxes constitutes the main function of the local officials,and the chief impost still retains the name of tribute, as at the time when thenatives of the Philippines were still regarded as conguered pagans. This tribute,a kind of poll-tax, formerly about four, but at present exceeding ten shillings ayear, is usually levied on the family group, and supplies the elements for thesummary statistics of the population. Besides this tax, the men are required togive forty days' work to the government for the construction of roads andcommunal bvuldings. But such an apparently excessive extent of statute labour
ADMINISTRATION OP THE PHILirPIXES. 271is but a slight burclcu amongst llie indolent populations of the archipelago, whereevery native may purchase exemption for a sum which in no instance exceedstwelve or thirteen shillings. The Chinese pay a tribute of twenty-five shillings,which for their mestizos is reduced to one-half, while all Europeans are entirely-Density of the Population or the Philippines.Scale 1 : 12,500,000.DInhabitants to the Square Mile.a2 to 50. 50 to 200. 200 and upwards.Each square represents over 1,000 inhabitants.180 Miles.exempt from this poll-tax, which was originally a mark of subjection. Otherchief sources of revenue are the taxes levied on industries and real property, thecustoms and navigation dues, the postal and telegraphic services, lotteries, excise,cock-fighting, and some other minor taxes. The cultivation of opium is interdicted
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:y£.:^ >M'%m
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OF THE•JNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
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^5 \onrNTED BY J. S. VI'iTUR AND CO
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•ivCONTENTS.CHAP.VI. New Guinea a
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: . . .LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.LISTOF
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1*1— ii'^ ixB- , a.•'-'\\• '
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2 AUSTEALASIA.great oceanic depress
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4 AUSTRALAMA.Sumatra to Tasmania, a
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OCEANIC EXPLOEATION. 7110 less than
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LIBRARYOF THEMNIVEftSITYofltUNOlS.
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10 AUSTEALASIA.group discovered by
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12 AUSTEALASIA.as a god, but soon a
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14 AUSTRALASIA.where he'came close
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IGAUSTRALASIA.enterprise the seriou
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18 AUSTEALARIA.,few hundred fathoms
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20 AUSTRALASIA.everywhere a clay fo
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OCEANIC AEEIAL CUEEEXTS. 21ing as t
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M-VEIXE CUBEEXTS. 23of the conflict
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MARINE CUREKXTS. 25consequently rel
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DIUFT ICE. 27drifting northwards wi
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VOLCANIC AGEXCIES. 29Ze;ilanrl, com
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CORALLINE FORMATIONS. 31sequently i
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CORAL FORMATIONS. 83so the reef con
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# .^1'.' k
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OCE.\KIC FLOEA. 35than a hundred di
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OCEANIC FAUNA. 37Old World except i
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INHABITANTS OF THE OCEANIC REGIONS.
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THE M/\.SCAEENHAS. 41in winter, and
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MAUEITIUS. 4:3swept away seventy-tw
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h•, J
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MAUEITITTS. 45aloe fibre, and cocoa
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EEUNIOX. 47highest point of the isl
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4t>*«#. .^,#^
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REUNION. 49standing its fertility,
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
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52 AUSTEALAPTA.Galets, St. Denis, t
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54 AUSTEAI.ASIAoa the banks of Rodr
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5CAUSTRALASIA.are the cocoanut palm
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58 AUSTEAT-ASIA.and Athens in the n
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,i
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60 AUSTRALASIA.buffeted by fierce g
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62 AUSTRALASIA.Formerly the island
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CHAPTER III.HE EASTEEN ARCHIPELAGO
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IXDONESIA.6SI.ndo-Malaya andAustro-
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INDONESIA.G7and their conquests hav
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IXDONESIA. 69fortune * some years a
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FLORA OF I>rDONT:SIA. 71whole of ll
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FAUNA OF IXDOXESIA. 73the other isl
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FAUXA OF INDONESIA. 75At the same t
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IXHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 77In the
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INHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 79black,
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SUMATRA. 81The Siimatran mountain s
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SUMATRAN HIGHLAXDS. 83wealth of the
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SUMATEAN HIGHLANDS. 85chasm visited
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onKEAKATAU. 87Krakai'au.Till recent
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KEAKATAU. 89ashes and pumice was es
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SUMATRAN ElYERS. 91alluvial lands a
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SUMATEAN ISLANDS. 93to the west the
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IXHABITAXTS OF SUMATRA. 95camphor,
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'.=INHABITANTS OF SUMATEA. 97dant h
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IXUAEIT.VXTS OF SUMATRA. 99The lang
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IXHABITANTS OP SUMATRA. 101On the d
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IN'HABITANTS OF SUMATRA. 103neighbo
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INHABITANTS OF SUJIATRA. 105all spe
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TOPOGRAPHY OF SUMATRA. 107thousand
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TOPOGEAPIIY OP SUMATRA 109about £6
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TOPOGEAPHY OF SUMATRA.Illlocal sayi
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LlSfiARYOF THEiNIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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114 AUSTRALASIA.contribute to swell
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noAUSTRALASIA.coast. Belonging geol
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118 AUSTEALASIA.not disposed in rid
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120 AUSTRALASIA.same geological for
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122 AUSTEALASIA.Permanent European
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124 AUSTRALASIA.ubruptly, the pass
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] 20 AUSTRALASIA.Several ofthe summ
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128 AUSTRALASIA.gradually diminisli
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130 AUSTEiiLASIA.Kiijang, the ScbuT
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182 AUSTRALASIA.and rosins. On the
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134 AUSTRALASIA.The great bulk of t
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136 AUSTRALASIA.people in the whole
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ILIBRARYOF THE'NIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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133 AUSTBAIASIA.Dajâks, and toward
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InoAUSTRM.ASIA.and backwaters. Here
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142 AUSTRALASIA.The little port of
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144 AUSTRALASIA.Labuan.At the time
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146 AUSTRALASIA.annual surplus devo
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118 AUSTEALASLV.mouth of the Kina-B
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150 AUSTRALASIA.north-westwards tow
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152 AUSTRALASIA.feet) was still act
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One of these volcanoes,the Malabar,
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15GAUSTRALASIA.ground caual which d
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158 AUSTRALASIA.the west. Neverthel
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160 AUSTRALASIA.The Arjuno chain is
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LIBRARYOF THEJNlVERSITYofltLlNOlS,
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162 AUSTRALASIA.crater, is encircle
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164 AUSTRALASIA.natural depression
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J1G(5 AUSTEALA8IA.about a Iniiulved
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•invading-J108 AUSTRALASIA.and to
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170 AUSTRALASIA.Javanese aborigines
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J]7-2 AUSTRALASIA,Although less mun
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174 AUSTRALASIA.Economic Coxiiition
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17C> AUSTRALASIA.them absolutely ;
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178 AUSTRALASIA.Java ranks next to
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180 AUSTRALASIA.these is the kapok
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182 AUSTRALASIA.raw sugars in excha
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184 AUSTRALASIA.quite recent founda
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LONDON. J, SVi\Telolvli Betoen^SU N
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TOPOGRAPHY OF JAVA. 185west of the
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LiotiARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of nUNOIS.
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188 AUSTRALASIA.estuai-y accessible
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190 AUSTRALASIA.affluent of the Sol
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192 AUSTEALASIA.The ruins of the Hi
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TOPOGHAPHY OF JA^'A. 193remains of
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ADinNISTEATION OF JAVA. 195for the
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BALI. 197all rapacious beasts, exce
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BALI. 199Public instruction stands
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LOMBOK. 201A table of all the provi
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LOMBOK.—SUMBAWA. 203Mataram, the
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SUMBAWA. 205these debris represente
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FLOEES. 207tain is at present quies
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SUMBA. 209entirely of limestone cli
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TIMOR. 211fourteentli century, and
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TnroE. 213vegetable zones of the Su
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TIMOR. 215fall asleep, and are not
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—TENIin?EE. 217On the other hand
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CELEBES.»219praus, which are expor
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[ 1—iiCELEBES. 221wLicb, however,
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CELEBES.223reaclnug the sea.Thus th
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—CELEBES. 226cultured coastlauder
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CELEBES. 227Topography ofCelebes.Th
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LISRARVOF THEUNlVERSlTy of ILLINOIS
Page 284 and 285: 230 AtrSTEAlASIA.reefs appearing ab
Page 286: 232 AUSTRALASIA.Guinea. Those of Bu
Page 289 and 290: —THE SOUTHERN MOLUCCAS. 238region
Page 291 and 292: iMPiMliBiiiiiiSliS
Page 293 and 294: —THE SOUTHEEN MOLUCCAS. 285with t
Page 295 and 296: THE NORTHERN MOLUCCAS. 237Tlie Xort
Page 297 and 298: THE NORTHEEX MOLUCCAS. 289Nearly al
Page 299 and 300: THE NOETHEllX MOLUCCAS. 241The capi
Page 301 and 302: ;CHAPTEE IV.THE PHILIPPINES.HE term
Page 303 and 304: THE PIIILIPriXKS. 245ridge is also
Page 306 and 307: LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILUNOIS1
Page 308 and 309: 248 AUSTRALASIA.whose slopes occupy
Page 310 and 311: 250 AUSTBAI.ASIA.to its modified en
Page 312: 252 AUSTRALASIA.60 miles from its m
Page 315 and 316: lyilABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES. 25
Page 317 and 318: some places, and especially Luzon,
Page 319 and 320: —IXHABITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Page 321 and 322: INHABITANTS OP THE rillLlITINES. 25
Page 323 and 324: IXITAF.ITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES.2f
Page 326 and 327: LiBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITYefliLlNOIS.
Page 328 and 329: ;264 AUSTRATiASIA.occupies ono of t
Page 330 and 331: 260 AITSTEALASIA.two miles from eac
Page 332 and 333: '268 AUSTRALASIA.populous member of
Page 336 and 337: —272 AUSTRALASL^.and its iraportu
Page 338 and 339: —CHAPTER V.MICKONESIA.I.The Maria
Page 340: ;270 AUSTRALASIA.Exposed during the
Page 343 and 344: —THE MAEIANAS. 277although baptis
Page 345 and 346: THE PELEW ISLAISTDS. 279together, a
Page 347 and 348: THE CAEOLIXES. 281Eocha readied the
Page 349 and 350: THE CAEOLIXES. 283also affords shel
Page 351 and 352: THE CAEOLES'ES 285purchase hatcliet
Page 353 and 354: THE CAEOLINES. 287tions associated
Page 355 and 356: —EASTERN MiCEONESIA. 289times eve
Page 357 and 358: EASTERN MICEOXESIA. 291by breezes f
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER VI.NEW GUINEA AND ADJACENT
Page 361 and 362: NKW GUINEA. 295the great island ass
Page 363 and 364: PHYSICAL FEATUEES OF NEW GUINEA. 29
Page 365 and 366: —rrTTSIC.\L FEATUEES OP NEW GITIN
Page 367 and 368: —CLIMATE OF NEW GUINEA. 801windin
Page 369 and 370: FAUNA OF NEW GUINEA. 303these are r
Page 372 and 373: LIBRARYOF THEIKIVERSITYoflLUNOlS.i
Page 374 and 375: 806 AUSTRALASIA.out ever founaering
Page 376 and 377: H08AUSTRALASIA.frequented market in
Page 378 and 379: 310 AUSTRALASIA.Along the whole of
Page 380 and 381: 812 AUSTRALASIA.time of the discove
Page 382 and 383: 314 AUSTEALASIA."palace," barracks,
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misAUSTRALASIA." Monsieur," as they
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—CHAPTER VII.MELANESIA.LL the isl
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3iOAUSTRALASIA.Hermit and Admiralty
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822 AUSTEALASIA.central part of the
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324 AUSTEALASIAPolynesian are inter
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NOETH MELA^ÊSIA. 325Maklaj' to the
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NORTH MELANESIA. 327As a rule the s
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NOKTH MELANESIA. 329west, and which
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—SAXTA-C'RUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 331
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SAXTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 833Clim
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SANTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBEIDES. 335inla
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—FREXCH MELANESIA. 387remarkably
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—FRENCH MELANESIA. 339In New Cale
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FRENCH MELANESIA. 341brooks apiêar
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—FEEXC'II MELANEf^FA.343Imiaiutan
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FRENCH MELANESIA.3i580 many clans,
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LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLlNGi.
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—348 AUSTRALASIA.New Ciik'clonia
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850 AUSTRALASIA.the surrounding far
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CHAPTER VIII.AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA
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AUSTRALIATASMAr
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AUSTRALIA. .353alluvial plains, dee
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—EXPLORATION OF AUSTEALIA. 355isl
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—EXPLORATIOX OF AUSTE.ILIA. 357Th
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THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. 859which lie w
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LIBRARYOF THEINIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
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362 AUSTEALASIA.heat and cold, wind
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3G1AUSTRALASIA.from shoals, begins
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366 AUSTRALASIA.notwithstanding the
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3(J8 AUSTRALASIA.islands ;at anotli
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870 AUSTRALASIA.regions. Neverthele
Page 450 and 451:
872 AUSTRALASIA.The splendour and e
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37iAUSTEALASIA.least three-fourths
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876 AUSTRALASIA.resembled the Malay
Page 456 and 457:
;378 AUSTEALASIA.Australian languag
Page 458 and 459:
—380 AUSTRALASIA.The most charact
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B82AUSTRiVLASIA.towards the rising
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—884 AUSTRALASIA.progress of Chri
Page 464 and 465:
—886 AUSTRALASIA.year to ye:ir th
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338 AUSTRAIASIA.respect even bffore
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SCOAUSTRALASIA.limited uuuiber of w
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392 AUSTRALASIA.the colonief? with
Page 472 and 473:
391 AUSTRALASIA.was adequately repr
Page 474 and 475:
—390 AUSTRALASIA.spaces from the
Page 476 and 477:
;898•AUSTRALASIA.were discovered
Page 478 and 479:
—400 AUSTRALASIA.where is coiitre
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—402 AUSTRALASLV.to the prosperit
Page 482 and 483:
404 AUSTRALASIA.1859. But altliougt
Page 484 and 485:
-100 AUSTRALASIA.2fari/boroi(gh occ
Page 486 and 487:
;408 AUSTRALASIA.development o£ th
Page 488 and 489:
L13RASYOF THE
Page 490 and 491:
SYDNEYA^C to IGfe*T. !atc3:f*LONDON
Page 492 and 493:
LiSRARYOF THEiVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
Page 494 and 495:
;410 AUSTRALASIA.clearing at the ex
Page 496 and 497:
412 AUSTRALASIA.most densely people
Page 498:
411 AUSTRALASIA.Norfolk, over five
Page 501 and 502:
VICTOEIA. 415place of little import
Page 504 and 505:
LI3RAKVOF THEUNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 506:
418 AUSTRALASIA.precious metal. Sin
Page 509 and 510:
TASMANIA. 419about a reaction, and
Page 512 and 513:
LIBRARYOF THEJNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 514 and 515:
422•AUSTRALASIA.Pahiii, and which
Page 516 and 517:
424 AUSTRALASIA.brian pouinsula, wb
Page 518:
—'42GAUSTEAI.ASIA.On the west sid
Page 521 and 522:
NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 427by t
Page 523 and 524:
—NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 429i
Page 525 and 526:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 431K;ii
Page 527 and 528:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 433is 1
Page 530 and 531:
LIBRARYOF THE'INIVERSITV of ILLINOI
Page 532 and 533:
43GAUSTE.VLASIA.siijjpbire tints of
Page 534 and 535:
438 AUSTEALASIA.disappear as if by
Page 536 and 537:
440 AUSTRALASIA.and tailless, of wh
Page 538 and 539:
442 AUSTRAT.ASIA.warlike expedition
Page 540 and 541:
444 AUSTEALASIA.two tribes in 1884.
Page 542 and 543:
446 AUSTRALASIA.Nevertheless, tiiia
Page 544 and 545:
U8AUSTllALASIA.Topography of New Zk
Page 546 and 547:
450 AUSTEALASIA.to navigation.Thank
Page 548:
452 AUSTRALASIA.very remarkable col
Page 551 and 552:
TorOGRAPHT OF NEW ZEALAND. 453the e
Page 553 and 554:
NEW ZEALAND.—ADJACENT ISLANDS. 45
Page 555:
LISRAKVOF THEUNlVERSITVofllLlNOiS
Page 559 and 560:
CIIArTER X.TIIK FIJI ISLANDS.1
Page 561 and 562:
FIJI. 459from Vanua-Levu by the nar
Page 563 and 564:
FIJI.IGleven with the gods, making
Page 565 and 566:
FIJI.4G3raw. He also amused himself
Page 568 and 569:
LIBRARYOF THEDIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
Page 570 and 571:
CHAPTER XLEQUATORIAL POLYNESIA.'OLY
Page 572 and 573:
—4G8AUSTRALASIA.the last Polj'nes
Page 574 and 575:
470 AUSTEALASIA.Samoa, -wliich is r
Page 576 and 577:
—472 AUSTRALASIA.tropical vegetat
Page 579 and 580:
EQUATORIAL POLYXESIA. 473zone of pl
Page 581 and 582:
EQUATOEIAJ. POLTNESIx\.. 475pletel}
Page 583 and 584:
EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 477covering t
Page 585 and 586:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 479supreme
Page 587 and 588:
, , 1EQUATOEIAL POLTXE-IA. 481tions
Page 589 and 590:
EQUATOELVI. POLYXESIA. 483changes o
Page 591 and 592:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 485The who
Page 594 and 595:
LiSRARYOF THEJNlVERSlTYofttLlNOtS,i
Page 596 and 597:
—483 AUSTR.VLASIA.the gi-adual an
Page 598 and 599:
—400 AUSTRALASIA.for the highest
Page 600 and 601:
—402 AIISTRATiASIA.islets, whicli
Page 602 and 603:
494 AUSTRALASIA.in Honolulu, whore,
Page 604:
4'JGAUSTEAIjASIA.Anglicans, Metliod
Page 607 and 608:
HAWAH. 497a province of the great r
Page 609 and 610:
APPENDIX. 499Riouw and Lingga Archi
Page 611 and 612:
—ArrENDix. 501NoETHEEX Moluccas :
Page 613 and 614:
APPENDIX.Anibrym......-.Vate (Sandw
Page 615 and 616:
INDEX.Abang Volcano, 196Abong-Abons
Page 617 and 618:
INDEX. 507Deli Town, 96, 113Demak,
Page 619 and 620:
4INDEX. 509Malu Mountain, 124Mamauu
Page 621 and 622:
'INDEX. 511Salak Mountain, 151, 1S2
Page 626:
UNIVERSITY OF I1-UNOI3-URBANA
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