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458 AUSTRALASIA.luitiirally watered by hundreds of streams aud brooklets, aud even rivers accessiblefor some distauce to steamers. One of these, the Wai-Levu ("Great "Water"),commonly called Rewa-Rewa, embraces in its catchment basin over one-third ofthe island, and forms a considerable delta at its mouth on the south-east coast ; thetides ascend 2G miles and boats 50 miles farther inland.Vanua-Levu, or "Great Island," the second in extent, lies north-east of Yiti-Levu, and encloses between its two eastern peninsulas the extensive Nateva Bay,also called the " Dead Sea," owing to the stillness of its waters.This island is alsoFig. 109.—Fiji Isl.«d3.Scale 1 : 16,000.000.Depths.to 250Fathoms.
FIJI. 459from Vanua-Levu by the narrow picturesque Somo-Somo Strait. Of the othermembers of the group not one has an area of 60 square miles, all being for the mostpart mere fragments of atolls or low hUls fringed with coral reefs. The main chainof these islets, sweeping round the cast side of the archipelago from north to south,is designated by the general name of Lau; it resembles the rim of a submergedcone open towards the sea on its right side, and enclosing a few reef-fringedislets. Altogether Fiji comprises 225 islands, of which about a hundred areinhabited.Climate.— Flora. — Fauna.The windward and leeward sides of all the islands present remarkable contrastsdue to the moist south-east tradewinds, which prevail throughout the year andsupport a luxuriant vegetation on the south and cast slopes, while the drier opi)ositesides are mostly under grass, with here and there a few odoriferous paudanustrees.Here the settlers find the more favourable tracts, already prepared by naturefor tillage and stock-breeding.The mean temperature is somewhat lower than that of the continental landsIj-ing under the same latitude; but although the extreme heats are tempered by seabreezes, the whites still complain of the fiery solar rays on the plantations of theinterior.There are two seasons, one relatively cool, from May to October, the otherwarmer and more humid, for the rest of the year. This is essentially the " wetseason," when the moisture especially in March is precipitated in tremendousdownpours, and at times accompanied by fierce gales and hurricanes. In 1871Mbua received in a single day 15 inches of rain, as much as South Australia in awhole year.A tropical vegetation prevails in Fiji, where the outer fringe of cocoanut palmsand, in the few swampy districts, mangrove thickets, are succeeded higher up bytree-ferns, various species of palms and other equatorial plants partly covered withparasitic orchids.In some places the flora is essentially Australian, with casiiarinas,acacias, and other forms, such as those occurring along the shores of the Gulf ofCarpentaria.Towards the altitude of 2,000 feet the seaboard vegetation is replacedby other plants, amongst which no Alpine forms have yet been found.The botanistIlorne, who has himself discovered over 300 new species, assigns 1,086 floweringplants and 245 ferns and allied forms to the Fiji flora.Like the other Pacific islands the archipelago is extremely jjoor in higher animallife, the only mammals being a rat, some bats and the cetaceans of the surroundingwaters. But all European domestic animals have been introduced and thrive well,both the pig and cat having already reverted to the wild state. Berthold Sccmanhas reckoned 46 species of birds, and reptiles, snakes and lizards arc still morenumerous ; a few varieties of the frog in the eastern parts are the last rci^rcsentativesof the batrachian family in the Oceanic world. The neighbouring seas areinhabited by about 125 species of fishes, several of which are venomous and theirflesh poisonous. Sharks also are numerous, and some of these formidable aiiinialsare confined exclusively to the estuaries.
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:y£.:^ >M'%m
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OF THE•JNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
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^5 \onrNTED BY J. S. VI'iTUR AND CO
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•ivCONTENTS.CHAP.VI. New Guinea a
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: . . .LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.LISTOF
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1*1— ii'^ ixB- , a.•'-'\\• '
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2 AUSTEALASIA.great oceanic depress
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4 AUSTRALAMA.Sumatra to Tasmania, a
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OCEANIC EXPLOEATION. 7110 less than
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LIBRARYOF THEMNIVEftSITYofltUNOlS.
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10 AUSTEALASIA.group discovered by
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12 AUSTEALASIA.as a god, but soon a
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14 AUSTRALASIA.where he'came close
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IGAUSTRALASIA.enterprise the seriou
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18 AUSTEALARIA.,few hundred fathoms
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20 AUSTRALASIA.everywhere a clay fo
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OCEANIC AEEIAL CUEEEXTS. 21ing as t
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M-VEIXE CUBEEXTS. 23of the conflict
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MARINE CUREKXTS. 25consequently rel
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DIUFT ICE. 27drifting northwards wi
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VOLCANIC AGEXCIES. 29Ze;ilanrl, com
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CORALLINE FORMATIONS. 31sequently i
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CORAL FORMATIONS. 83so the reef con
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# .^1'.' k
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OCE.\KIC FLOEA. 35than a hundred di
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OCEANIC FAUNA. 37Old World except i
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INHABITANTS OF THE OCEANIC REGIONS.
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THE M/\.SCAEENHAS. 41in winter, and
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MAUEITIUS. 4:3swept away seventy-tw
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h•, J
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MAUEITITTS. 45aloe fibre, and cocoa
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EEUNIOX. 47highest point of the isl
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4t>*«#. .^,#^
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REUNION. 49standing its fertility,
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
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52 AUSTEALAPTA.Galets, St. Denis, t
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54 AUSTEAI.ASIAoa the banks of Rodr
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5CAUSTRALASIA.are the cocoanut palm
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58 AUSTEAT-ASIA.and Athens in the n
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,i
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60 AUSTRALASIA.buffeted by fierce g
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62 AUSTRALASIA.Formerly the island
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CHAPTER III.HE EASTEEN ARCHIPELAGO
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IXDONESIA.6SI.ndo-Malaya andAustro-
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INDONESIA.G7and their conquests hav
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IXDONESIA. 69fortune * some years a
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FLORA OF I>rDONT:SIA. 71whole of ll
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FAUNA OF IXDOXESIA. 73the other isl
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FAUXA OF INDONESIA. 75At the same t
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IXHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 77In the
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INHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 79black,
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SUMATRA. 81The Siimatran mountain s
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SUMATRAN HIGHLAXDS. 83wealth of the
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SUMATEAN HIGHLANDS. 85chasm visited
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onKEAKATAU. 87Krakai'au.Till recent
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KEAKATAU. 89ashes and pumice was es
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SUMATRAN ElYERS. 91alluvial lands a
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SUMATEAN ISLANDS. 93to the west the
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IXHABITAXTS OF SUMATRA. 95camphor,
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'.=INHABITANTS OF SUMATEA. 97dant h
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IXUAEIT.VXTS OF SUMATRA. 99The lang
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IXHABITANTS OP SUMATRA. 101On the d
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IN'HABITANTS OF SUMATRA. 103neighbo
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INHABITANTS OF SUJIATRA. 105all spe
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TOPOGRAPHY OF SUMATRA. 107thousand
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TOPOGEAPIIY OP SUMATRA 109about £6
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TOPOGEAPHY OF SUMATRA.Illlocal sayi
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LlSfiARYOF THEiNIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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114 AUSTRALASIA.contribute to swell
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noAUSTRALASIA.coast. Belonging geol
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118 AUSTEALASIA.not disposed in rid
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120 AUSTRALASIA.same geological for
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122 AUSTEALASIA.Permanent European
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124 AUSTRALASIA.ubruptly, the pass
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] 20 AUSTRALASIA.Several ofthe summ
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128 AUSTRALASIA.gradually diminisli
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130 AUSTEiiLASIA.Kiijang, the ScbuT
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182 AUSTRALASIA.and rosins. On the
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134 AUSTRALASIA.The great bulk of t
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136 AUSTRALASIA.people in the whole
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ILIBRARYOF THE'NIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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133 AUSTBAIASIA.Dajâks, and toward
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InoAUSTRM.ASIA.and backwaters. Here
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142 AUSTRALASIA.The little port of
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144 AUSTRALASIA.Labuan.At the time
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146 AUSTRALASIA.annual surplus devo
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118 AUSTEALASLV.mouth of the Kina-B
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150 AUSTRALASIA.north-westwards tow
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152 AUSTRALASIA.feet) was still act
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One of these volcanoes,the Malabar,
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15GAUSTRALASIA.ground caual which d
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158 AUSTRALASIA.the west. Neverthel
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160 AUSTRALASIA.The Arjuno chain is
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LIBRARYOF THEJNlVERSITYofltLlNOlS,
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162 AUSTRALASIA.crater, is encircle
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164 AUSTRALASIA.natural depression
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J1G(5 AUSTEALA8IA.about a Iniiulved
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•invading-J108 AUSTRALASIA.and to
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170 AUSTRALASIA.Javanese aborigines
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J]7-2 AUSTRALASIA,Although less mun
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174 AUSTRALASIA.Economic Coxiiition
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17C> AUSTRALASIA.them absolutely ;
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178 AUSTRALASIA.Java ranks next to
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180 AUSTRALASIA.these is the kapok
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182 AUSTRALASIA.raw sugars in excha
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184 AUSTRALASIA.quite recent founda
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LONDON. J, SVi\Telolvli Betoen^SU N
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TOPOGRAPHY OF JAVA. 185west of the
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LiotiARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of nUNOIS.
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188 AUSTRALASIA.estuai-y accessible
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190 AUSTRALASIA.affluent of the Sol
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192 AUSTEALASIA.The ruins of the Hi
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TOPOGHAPHY OF JA^'A. 193remains of
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ADinNISTEATION OF JAVA. 195for the
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BALI. 197all rapacious beasts, exce
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BALI. 199Public instruction stands
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LOMBOK. 201A table of all the provi
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LOMBOK.—SUMBAWA. 203Mataram, the
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SUMBAWA. 205these debris represente
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FLOEES. 207tain is at present quies
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SUMBA. 209entirely of limestone cli
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TIMOR. 211fourteentli century, and
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TnroE. 213vegetable zones of the Su
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TIMOR. 215fall asleep, and are not
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—TENIin?EE. 217On the other hand
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CELEBES.»219praus, which are expor
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[ 1—iiCELEBES. 221wLicb, however,
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CELEBES.223reaclnug the sea.Thus th
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—CELEBES. 226cultured coastlauder
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CELEBES. 227Topography ofCelebes.Th
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LISRARVOF THEUNlVERSlTy of ILLINOIS
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230 AtrSTEAlASIA.reefs appearing ab
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232 AUSTRALASIA.Guinea. Those of Bu
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—THE SOUTHERN MOLUCCAS. 238region
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iMPiMliBiiiiiiSliS
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—THE SOUTHEEN MOLUCCAS. 285with t
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THE NORTHERN MOLUCCAS. 237Tlie Xort
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THE NORTHEEX MOLUCCAS. 289Nearly al
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THE NOETHEllX MOLUCCAS. 241The capi
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;CHAPTEE IV.THE PHILIPPINES.HE term
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THE PIIILIPriXKS. 245ridge is also
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LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILUNOIS1
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248 AUSTRALASIA.whose slopes occupy
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250 AUSTBAI.ASIA.to its modified en
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252 AUSTRALASIA.60 miles from its m
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lyilABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES. 25
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some places, and especially Luzon,
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—IXHABITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
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INHABITANTS OP THE rillLlITINES. 25
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IXITAF.ITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES.2f
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LiBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITYefliLlNOIS.
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;264 AUSTRATiASIA.occupies ono of t
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260 AITSTEALASIA.two miles from eac
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'268 AUSTRALASIA.populous member of
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270 AUSTRALASIA.Administratioxof th
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—272 AUSTRALASL^.and its iraportu
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—CHAPTER V.MICKONESIA.I.The Maria
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;270 AUSTRALASIA.Exposed during the
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—THE MAEIANAS. 277although baptis
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THE PELEW ISLAISTDS. 279together, a
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THE CAEOLIXES. 281Eocha readied the
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THE CAEOLIXES. 283also affords shel
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THE CAEOLES'ES 285purchase hatcliet
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THE CAEOLINES. 287tions associated
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—EASTERN MiCEONESIA. 289times eve
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EASTERN MICEOXESIA. 291by breezes f
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CHAPTER VI.NEW GUINEA AND ADJACENT
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NKW GUINEA. 295the great island ass
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PHYSICAL FEATUEES OF NEW GUINEA. 29
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—rrTTSIC.\L FEATUEES OP NEW GITIN
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—CLIMATE OF NEW GUINEA. 801windin
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FAUNA OF NEW GUINEA. 303these are r
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LIBRARYOF THEIKIVERSITYoflLUNOlS.i
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806 AUSTRALASIA.out ever founaering
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H08AUSTRALASIA.frequented market in
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310 AUSTRALASIA.Along the whole of
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812 AUSTRALASIA.time of the discove
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314 AUSTEALASIA."palace," barracks,
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misAUSTRALASIA." Monsieur," as they
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—CHAPTER VII.MELANESIA.LL the isl
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3iOAUSTRALASIA.Hermit and Admiralty
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822 AUSTEALASIA.central part of the
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324 AUSTEALASIAPolynesian are inter
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NOETH MELA^ÊSIA. 325Maklaj' to the
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NORTH MELANESIA. 327As a rule the s
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NOKTH MELANESIA. 329west, and which
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—SAXTA-C'RUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 331
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SAXTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 833Clim
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SANTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBEIDES. 335inla
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—FREXCH MELANESIA. 387remarkably
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—FRENCH MELANESIA. 339In New Cale
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FRENCH MELANESIA. 341brooks apiêar
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—FEEXC'II MELANEf^FA.343Imiaiutan
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FRENCH MELANESIA.3i580 many clans,
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LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLlNGi.
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—348 AUSTRALASIA.New Ciik'clonia
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850 AUSTRALASIA.the surrounding far
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CHAPTER VIII.AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA
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AUSTRALIATASMAr
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AUSTRALIA. .353alluvial plains, dee
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—EXPLORATION OF AUSTEALIA. 355isl
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—EXPLORATIOX OF AUSTE.ILIA. 357Th
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THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. 859which lie w
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LIBRARYOF THEINIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
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362 AUSTEALASIA.heat and cold, wind
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3G1AUSTRALASIA.from shoals, begins
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366 AUSTRALASIA.notwithstanding the
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3(J8 AUSTRALASIA.islands ;at anotli
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870 AUSTRALASIA.regions. Neverthele
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872 AUSTRALASIA.The splendour and e
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37iAUSTEALASIA.least three-fourths
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876 AUSTRALASIA.resembled the Malay
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;378 AUSTEALASIA.Australian languag
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—380 AUSTRALASIA.The most charact
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B82AUSTRiVLASIA.towards the rising
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—884 AUSTRALASIA.progress of Chri
Page 464 and 465:
—886 AUSTRALASIA.year to ye:ir th
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338 AUSTRAIASIA.respect even bffore
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SCOAUSTRALASIA.limited uuuiber of w
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392 AUSTRALASIA.the colonief? with
Page 472 and 473:
391 AUSTRALASIA.was adequately repr
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—390 AUSTRALASIA.spaces from the
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;898•AUSTRALASIA.were discovered
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—400 AUSTRALASIA.where is coiitre
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—402 AUSTRALASLV.to the prosperit
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404 AUSTRALASIA.1859. But altliougt
Page 484 and 485:
-100 AUSTRALASIA.2fari/boroi(gh occ
Page 486 and 487:
;408 AUSTRALASIA.development o£ th
Page 488 and 489:
L13RASYOF THE
Page 490 and 491:
SYDNEYA^C to IGfe*T. !atc3:f*LONDON
Page 492 and 493:
LiSRARYOF THEiVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
Page 494 and 495:
;410 AUSTRALASIA.clearing at the ex
Page 496 and 497:
412 AUSTRALASIA.most densely people
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411 AUSTRALASIA.Norfolk, over five
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VICTOEIA. 415place of little import
Page 504 and 505:
LI3RAKVOF THEUNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 506:
418 AUSTRALASIA.precious metal. Sin
Page 509 and 510: TASMANIA. 419about a reaction, and
Page 512 and 513: LIBRARYOF THEJNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 514 and 515: 422•AUSTRALASIA.Pahiii, and which
Page 516 and 517: 424 AUSTRALASIA.brian pouinsula, wb
Page 518: —'42GAUSTEAI.ASIA.On the west sid
Page 521 and 522: NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 427by t
Page 523 and 524: —NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 429i
Page 525 and 526: NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 431K;ii
Page 527 and 528: NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 433is 1
Page 530 and 531: LIBRARYOF THE'INIVERSITV of ILLINOI
Page 532 and 533: 43GAUSTE.VLASIA.siijjpbire tints of
Page 534 and 535: 438 AUSTEALASIA.disappear as if by
Page 536 and 537: 440 AUSTRALASIA.and tailless, of wh
Page 538 and 539: 442 AUSTRAT.ASIA.warlike expedition
Page 540 and 541: 444 AUSTEALASIA.two tribes in 1884.
Page 542 and 543: 446 AUSTRALASIA.Nevertheless, tiiia
Page 544 and 545: U8AUSTllALASIA.Topography of New Zk
Page 546 and 547: 450 AUSTEALASIA.to navigation.Thank
Page 548: 452 AUSTRALASIA.very remarkable col
Page 551 and 552: TorOGRAPHT OF NEW ZEALAND. 453the e
Page 553 and 554: NEW ZEALAND.—ADJACENT ISLANDS. 45
Page 555: LISRAKVOF THEUNlVERSITVofllLlNOiS
Page 559: CIIArTER X.TIIK FIJI ISLANDS.1
Page 563 and 564: FIJI.IGleven with the gods, making
Page 565 and 566: FIJI.4G3raw. He also amused himself
Page 568 and 569: LIBRARYOF THEDIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
Page 570 and 571: CHAPTER XLEQUATORIAL POLYNESIA.'OLY
Page 572 and 573: —4G8AUSTRALASIA.the last Polj'nes
Page 574 and 575: 470 AUSTEALASIA.Samoa, -wliich is r
Page 576 and 577: —472 AUSTRALASIA.tropical vegetat
Page 579 and 580: EQUATORIAL POLYXESIA. 473zone of pl
Page 581 and 582: EQUATOEIAJ. POLTNESIx\.. 475pletel}
Page 583 and 584: EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 477covering t
Page 585 and 586: —EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 479supreme
Page 587 and 588: , , 1EQUATOEIAL POLTXE-IA. 481tions
Page 589 and 590: EQUATOELVI. POLYXESIA. 483changes o
Page 591 and 592: —EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 485The who
Page 594 and 595: LiSRARYOF THEJNlVERSlTYofttLlNOtS,i
Page 596 and 597: —483 AUSTR.VLASIA.the gi-adual an
Page 598 and 599: —400 AUSTRALASIA.for the highest
Page 600 and 601: —402 AIISTRATiASIA.islets, whicli
Page 602 and 603: 494 AUSTRALASIA.in Honolulu, whore,
Page 604: 4'JGAUSTEAIjASIA.Anglicans, Metliod
Page 607 and 608: HAWAH. 497a province of the great r
Page 609 and 610: APPENDIX. 499Riouw and Lingga Archi
Page 611 and 612:
—ArrENDix. 501NoETHEEX Moluccas :
Page 613 and 614:
APPENDIX.Anibrym......-.Vate (Sandw
Page 615 and 616:
INDEX.Abang Volcano, 196Abong-Abons
Page 617 and 618:
INDEX. 507Deli Town, 96, 113Demak,
Page 619 and 620:
4INDEX. 509Malu Mountain, 124Mamauu
Page 621 and 622:
'INDEX. 511Salak Mountain, 151, 1S2
Page 626:
UNIVERSITY OF I1-UNOI3-URBANA
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