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—260 AUSTRALASIA.island of Koroer, south of Babelthuap, acquired a sort of suzerainty over tisneighbours. His successors, however, have lost much of their ascendancy, andmost of the other chiefs hold themselves as fidly his equals. These chiefs beardifferent titles, one of the most significant being tnad, or " death," meaning that thepotentate's mere glance is fatal to his subjects. But associated with him is a J;rci,a sort of military " mayor of the palace," often more powerful than the mad himself.Round him are grouped the rupalcs, or vassals, each with his suite of fierceretainers. "War, the essential occupation of this feudal system, is carried on withrelentless cruelty, the victors sparing neither women nor children. The chiefobject of the hostile raids is to obtain skulls ; for " the great Kalite," say the natives,"likes to eat men," and the heads are consequently laid at the feet of themagicians, his representatives on earth. But even during warfare the rights ofhospitality are still respected, and any fugitive who succeeds in penetrating tothe house of the hostile chief has nothing further to fear.To this intertribal strife is mainly due the moral and material decadence of theislanders, who are no longer the simple, kindly people described by "Wilson at theend of the last century. Even Miklukho-Maklai, with all his sj'mpathy forinferior races, speaks of them as false and rapacious. Since the arrival of theEuropeans the social conditions seem in other respects to have undergone acomplete change. The natives are more civilised, at least outwardlj' ; theyornament their dwellings with engravings and photographs ;they possess ironimplements, firearms, and even books ; many speak a little English or Spanish,while their mother tongue has been enriched by numerous European words,required to express the new ideas. The age of stone has passed away, or survivesonly in the local currency, which is of jasper or agate for the chiefs and nobles, ofstones of less value, glass or enamelled beads, for the lower classes.But with all thi, .he population continues to decrease, having fallen fromprobably fifty thousand at the end of the last century to little over twelvethousand at present.III.The Caroline Islands.The archipelago formerly known as the " New Philippines," and afterwardsnamed the Carolines in honour of Charles II. of Spain, is spread over a considerableexpanse. From the westernmost island of Ngoli to "Ualan in the extremeeast the distance in a straight line is no less than 1,800 miles, with a mean breadthof about 350 miles. Thus the Caroline Sea comprises an area of about 640,000square miles, where the total extent ofsome five hundred islets disposed in fortyeightclusters is estimated at no more than 500 square miles.The water, however,is very shallow, and several of the insular groups are enlarged by extensive reefs.The greatest depths occur at the western extremity of the archipelago, the'Challenger Trough" in the north, the "Nares Trough" in the south, with anintervening submarine bank connecting the Carolines with the Pelew group.The Carolines were discovered by the Portuguese in 1527, when Diogo da
THE CAEOLIXES. 281Eocha readied the western i.sland of Ngoli or ilatalotes. He was followed in1542 by Saavedra and Yillalobos, who traversed the Caroline Sea and sighted some
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:y£.:^ >M'%m
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OF THE•JNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
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^5 \onrNTED BY J. S. VI'iTUR AND CO
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•ivCONTENTS.CHAP.VI. New Guinea a
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: . . .LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.LISTOF
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1*1— ii'^ ixB- , a.•'-'\\• '
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2 AUSTEALASIA.great oceanic depress
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4 AUSTRALAMA.Sumatra to Tasmania, a
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OCEANIC EXPLOEATION. 7110 less than
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LIBRARYOF THEMNIVEftSITYofltUNOlS.
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10 AUSTEALASIA.group discovered by
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12 AUSTEALASIA.as a god, but soon a
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14 AUSTRALASIA.where he'came close
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IGAUSTRALASIA.enterprise the seriou
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18 AUSTEALARIA.,few hundred fathoms
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20 AUSTRALASIA.everywhere a clay fo
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OCEANIC AEEIAL CUEEEXTS. 21ing as t
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M-VEIXE CUBEEXTS. 23of the conflict
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MARINE CUREKXTS. 25consequently rel
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DIUFT ICE. 27drifting northwards wi
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VOLCANIC AGEXCIES. 29Ze;ilanrl, com
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CORALLINE FORMATIONS. 31sequently i
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CORAL FORMATIONS. 83so the reef con
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# .^1'.' k
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OCE.\KIC FLOEA. 35than a hundred di
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OCEANIC FAUNA. 37Old World except i
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INHABITANTS OF THE OCEANIC REGIONS.
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THE M/\.SCAEENHAS. 41in winter, and
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MAUEITIUS. 4:3swept away seventy-tw
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h•, J
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MAUEITITTS. 45aloe fibre, and cocoa
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EEUNIOX. 47highest point of the isl
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4t>*«#. .^,#^
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REUNION. 49standing its fertility,
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
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52 AUSTEALAPTA.Galets, St. Denis, t
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54 AUSTEAI.ASIAoa the banks of Rodr
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5CAUSTRALASIA.are the cocoanut palm
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58 AUSTEAT-ASIA.and Athens in the n
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OF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,i
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60 AUSTRALASIA.buffeted by fierce g
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62 AUSTRALASIA.Formerly the island
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CHAPTER III.HE EASTEEN ARCHIPELAGO
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IXDONESIA.6SI.ndo-Malaya andAustro-
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INDONESIA.G7and their conquests hav
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IXDONESIA. 69fortune * some years a
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FLORA OF I>rDONT:SIA. 71whole of ll
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FAUNA OF IXDOXESIA. 73the other isl
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FAUXA OF INDONESIA. 75At the same t
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IXHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 77In the
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INHABITANTS OF INDONESIA. 79black,
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SUMATRA. 81The Siimatran mountain s
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SUMATRAN HIGHLAXDS. 83wealth of the
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SUMATEAN HIGHLANDS. 85chasm visited
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onKEAKATAU. 87Krakai'au.Till recent
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KEAKATAU. 89ashes and pumice was es
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SUMATRAN ElYERS. 91alluvial lands a
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SUMATEAN ISLANDS. 93to the west the
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IXHABITAXTS OF SUMATRA. 95camphor,
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'.=INHABITANTS OF SUMATEA. 97dant h
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IXUAEIT.VXTS OF SUMATRA. 99The lang
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IXHABITANTS OP SUMATRA. 101On the d
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IN'HABITANTS OF SUMATRA. 103neighbo
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INHABITANTS OF SUJIATRA. 105all spe
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TOPOGRAPHY OF SUMATRA. 107thousand
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TOPOGEAPIIY OP SUMATRA 109about £6
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TOPOGEAPHY OF SUMATRA.Illlocal sayi
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LlSfiARYOF THEiNIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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114 AUSTRALASIA.contribute to swell
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noAUSTRALASIA.coast. Belonging geol
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118 AUSTEALASIA.not disposed in rid
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120 AUSTRALASIA.same geological for
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122 AUSTEALASIA.Permanent European
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124 AUSTRALASIA.ubruptly, the pass
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] 20 AUSTRALASIA.Several ofthe summ
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128 AUSTRALASIA.gradually diminisli
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130 AUSTEiiLASIA.Kiijang, the ScbuT
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182 AUSTRALASIA.and rosins. On the
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134 AUSTRALASIA.The great bulk of t
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136 AUSTRALASIA.people in the whole
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ILIBRARYOF THE'NIVERSITV of ILLINOI
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133 AUSTBAIASIA.Dajâks, and toward
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InoAUSTRM.ASIA.and backwaters. Here
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142 AUSTRALASIA.The little port of
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144 AUSTRALASIA.Labuan.At the time
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146 AUSTRALASIA.annual surplus devo
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118 AUSTEALASLV.mouth of the Kina-B
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150 AUSTRALASIA.north-westwards tow
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152 AUSTRALASIA.feet) was still act
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One of these volcanoes,the Malabar,
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15GAUSTRALASIA.ground caual which d
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158 AUSTRALASIA.the west. Neverthel
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160 AUSTRALASIA.The Arjuno chain is
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LIBRARYOF THEJNlVERSITYofltLlNOlS,
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162 AUSTRALASIA.crater, is encircle
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164 AUSTRALASIA.natural depression
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J1G(5 AUSTEALA8IA.about a Iniiulved
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•invading-J108 AUSTRALASIA.and to
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170 AUSTRALASIA.Javanese aborigines
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J]7-2 AUSTRALASIA,Although less mun
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174 AUSTRALASIA.Economic Coxiiition
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17C> AUSTRALASIA.them absolutely ;
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178 AUSTRALASIA.Java ranks next to
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180 AUSTRALASIA.these is the kapok
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182 AUSTRALASIA.raw sugars in excha
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184 AUSTRALASIA.quite recent founda
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LONDON. J, SVi\Telolvli Betoen^SU N
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TOPOGRAPHY OF JAVA. 185west of the
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LiotiARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of nUNOIS.
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188 AUSTRALASIA.estuai-y accessible
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190 AUSTRALASIA.affluent of the Sol
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192 AUSTEALASIA.The ruins of the Hi
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TOPOGHAPHY OF JA^'A. 193remains of
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ADinNISTEATION OF JAVA. 195for the
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BALI. 197all rapacious beasts, exce
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BALI. 199Public instruction stands
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LOMBOK. 201A table of all the provi
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LOMBOK.—SUMBAWA. 203Mataram, the
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SUMBAWA. 205these debris represente
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FLOEES. 207tain is at present quies
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SUMBA. 209entirely of limestone cli
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TIMOR. 211fourteentli century, and
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TnroE. 213vegetable zones of the Su
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TIMOR. 215fall asleep, and are not
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—TENIin?EE. 217On the other hand
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CELEBES.»219praus, which are expor
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[ 1—iiCELEBES. 221wLicb, however,
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CELEBES.223reaclnug the sea.Thus th
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—CELEBES. 226cultured coastlauder
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CELEBES. 227Topography ofCelebes.Th
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LISRARVOF THEUNlVERSlTy of ILLINOIS
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230 AtrSTEAlASIA.reefs appearing ab
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232 AUSTRALASIA.Guinea. Those of Bu
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—THE SOUTHERN MOLUCCAS. 238region
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iMPiMliBiiiiiiSliS
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—THE SOUTHEEN MOLUCCAS. 285with t
Page 295 and 296: THE NORTHERN MOLUCCAS. 237Tlie Xort
Page 297 and 298: THE NORTHEEX MOLUCCAS. 289Nearly al
Page 299 and 300: THE NOETHEllX MOLUCCAS. 241The capi
Page 301 and 302: ;CHAPTEE IV.THE PHILIPPINES.HE term
Page 303 and 304: THE PIIILIPriXKS. 245ridge is also
Page 306 and 307: LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILUNOIS1
Page 308 and 309: 248 AUSTRALASIA.whose slopes occupy
Page 310 and 311: 250 AUSTBAI.ASIA.to its modified en
Page 312: 252 AUSTRALASIA.60 miles from its m
Page 315 and 316: lyilABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES. 25
Page 317 and 318: some places, and especially Luzon,
Page 319 and 320: —IXHABITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Page 321 and 322: INHABITANTS OP THE rillLlITINES. 25
Page 323 and 324: IXITAF.ITAXTS OF THE PHILIPPIXES.2f
Page 326 and 327: LiBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITYefliLlNOIS.
Page 328 and 329: ;264 AUSTRATiASIA.occupies ono of t
Page 330 and 331: 260 AITSTEALASIA.two miles from eac
Page 332 and 333: '268 AUSTRALASIA.populous member of
Page 334 and 335: 270 AUSTRALASIA.Administratioxof th
Page 336 and 337: —272 AUSTRALASL^.and its iraportu
Page 338 and 339: —CHAPTER V.MICKONESIA.I.The Maria
Page 340: ;270 AUSTRALASIA.Exposed during the
Page 343 and 344: —THE MAEIANAS. 277although baptis
Page 345: THE PELEW ISLAISTDS. 279together, a
Page 349 and 350: THE CAEOLIXES. 283also affords shel
Page 351 and 352: THE CAEOLES'ES 285purchase hatcliet
Page 353 and 354: THE CAEOLINES. 287tions associated
Page 355 and 356: —EASTERN MiCEONESIA. 289times eve
Page 357 and 358: EASTERN MICEOXESIA. 291by breezes f
Page 359 and 360: CHAPTER VI.NEW GUINEA AND ADJACENT
Page 361 and 362: NKW GUINEA. 295the great island ass
Page 363 and 364: PHYSICAL FEATUEES OF NEW GUINEA. 29
Page 365 and 366: —rrTTSIC.\L FEATUEES OP NEW GITIN
Page 367 and 368: —CLIMATE OF NEW GUINEA. 801windin
Page 369 and 370: FAUNA OF NEW GUINEA. 303these are r
Page 372 and 373: LIBRARYOF THEIKIVERSITYoflLUNOlS.i
Page 374 and 375: 806 AUSTRALASIA.out ever founaering
Page 376 and 377: H08AUSTRALASIA.frequented market in
Page 378 and 379: 310 AUSTRALASIA.Along the whole of
Page 380 and 381: 812 AUSTRALASIA.time of the discove
Page 382 and 383: 314 AUSTEALASIA."palace," barracks,
Page 384 and 385: misAUSTRALASIA." Monsieur," as they
Page 386 and 387: —CHAPTER VII.MELANESIA.LL the isl
Page 388 and 389: 3iOAUSTRALASIA.Hermit and Admiralty
Page 390 and 391: 822 AUSTEALASIA.central part of the
Page 392: 324 AUSTEALASIAPolynesian are inter
Page 395 and 396: NOETH MELA^ÊSIA. 325Maklaj' to the
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NORTH MELANESIA. 327As a rule the s
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NOKTH MELANESIA. 329west, and which
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—SAXTA-C'RUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 331
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SAXTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBRIDES. 833Clim
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SANTA-CEUZ.—NEW HEBEIDES. 335inla
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—FREXCH MELANESIA. 387remarkably
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—FRENCH MELANESIA. 339In New Cale
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FRENCH MELANESIA. 341brooks apiêar
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—FEEXC'II MELANEf^FA.343Imiaiutan
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FRENCH MELANESIA.3i580 many clans,
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LIBRARYOF THEUNIVERSITY of ILLlNGi.
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—348 AUSTRALASIA.New Ciik'clonia
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850 AUSTRALASIA.the surrounding far
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CHAPTER VIII.AUSTRALIA AND TASMANIA
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AUSTRALIATASMAr
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AUSTRALIA. .353alluvial plains, dee
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—EXPLORATION OF AUSTEALIA. 355isl
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—EXPLORATIOX OF AUSTE.ILIA. 357Th
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THE AUSTRALIAN ALPS. 859which lie w
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LIBRARYOF THEINIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
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362 AUSTEALASIA.heat and cold, wind
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3G1AUSTRALASIA.from shoals, begins
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366 AUSTRALASIA.notwithstanding the
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3(J8 AUSTRALASIA.islands ;at anotli
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870 AUSTRALASIA.regions. Neverthele
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872 AUSTRALASIA.The splendour and e
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37iAUSTEALASIA.least three-fourths
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876 AUSTRALASIA.resembled the Malay
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;378 AUSTEALASIA.Australian languag
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—380 AUSTRALASIA.The most charact
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B82AUSTRiVLASIA.towards the rising
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—884 AUSTRALASIA.progress of Chri
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—886 AUSTRALASIA.year to ye:ir th
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338 AUSTRAIASIA.respect even bffore
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SCOAUSTRALASIA.limited uuuiber of w
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392 AUSTRALASIA.the colonief? with
Page 472 and 473:
391 AUSTRALASIA.was adequately repr
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—390 AUSTRALASIA.spaces from the
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;898•AUSTRALASIA.were discovered
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—400 AUSTRALASIA.where is coiitre
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—402 AUSTRALASLV.to the prosperit
Page 482 and 483:
404 AUSTRALASIA.1859. But altliougt
Page 484 and 485:
-100 AUSTRALASIA.2fari/boroi(gh occ
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;408 AUSTRALASIA.development o£ th
Page 488 and 489:
L13RASYOF THE
Page 490 and 491:
SYDNEYA^C to IGfe*T. !atc3:f*LONDON
Page 492 and 493:
LiSRARYOF THEiVERSITV of ILLINOIS.
Page 494 and 495:
;410 AUSTRALASIA.clearing at the ex
Page 496 and 497:
412 AUSTRALASIA.most densely people
Page 498:
411 AUSTRALASIA.Norfolk, over five
Page 501 and 502:
VICTOEIA. 415place of little import
Page 504 and 505:
LI3RAKVOF THEUNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 506:
418 AUSTRALASIA.precious metal. Sin
Page 509 and 510:
TASMANIA. 419about a reaction, and
Page 512 and 513:
LIBRARYOF THEJNIVERSITV of ILLINOIS
Page 514 and 515:
422•AUSTRALASIA.Pahiii, and which
Page 516 and 517:
424 AUSTRALASIA.brian pouinsula, wb
Page 518:
—'42GAUSTEAI.ASIA.On the west sid
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NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 427by t
Page 523 and 524:
—NEW ZEALAND—SOUTH ISLAND. 429i
Page 525 and 526:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 431K;ii
Page 527 and 528:
NEW ZEALAND—NORTH ISLAND. 433is 1
Page 530 and 531:
LIBRARYOF THE'INIVERSITV of ILLINOI
Page 532 and 533:
43GAUSTE.VLASIA.siijjpbire tints of
Page 534 and 535:
438 AUSTEALASIA.disappear as if by
Page 536 and 537:
440 AUSTRALASIA.and tailless, of wh
Page 538 and 539:
442 AUSTRAT.ASIA.warlike expedition
Page 540 and 541:
444 AUSTEALASIA.two tribes in 1884.
Page 542 and 543:
446 AUSTRALASIA.Nevertheless, tiiia
Page 544 and 545:
U8AUSTllALASIA.Topography of New Zk
Page 546 and 547:
450 AUSTEALASIA.to navigation.Thank
Page 548:
452 AUSTRALASIA.very remarkable col
Page 551 and 552:
TorOGRAPHT OF NEW ZEALAND. 453the e
Page 553 and 554:
NEW ZEALAND.—ADJACENT ISLANDS. 45
Page 555:
LISRAKVOF THEUNlVERSITVofllLlNOiS
Page 559 and 560:
CIIArTER X.TIIK FIJI ISLANDS.1
Page 561 and 562:
FIJI. 459from Vanua-Levu by the nar
Page 563 and 564:
FIJI.IGleven with the gods, making
Page 565 and 566:
FIJI.4G3raw. He also amused himself
Page 568 and 569:
LIBRARYOF THEDIVERSITY of ILLINOIS,
Page 570 and 571:
CHAPTER XLEQUATORIAL POLYNESIA.'OLY
Page 572 and 573:
—4G8AUSTRALASIA.the last Polj'nes
Page 574 and 575:
470 AUSTEALASIA.Samoa, -wliich is r
Page 576 and 577:
—472 AUSTRALASIA.tropical vegetat
Page 579 and 580:
EQUATORIAL POLYXESIA. 473zone of pl
Page 581 and 582:
EQUATOEIAJ. POLTNESIx\.. 475pletel}
Page 583 and 584:
EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 477covering t
Page 585 and 586:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 479supreme
Page 587 and 588:
, , 1EQUATOEIAL POLTXE-IA. 481tions
Page 589 and 590:
EQUATOELVI. POLYXESIA. 483changes o
Page 591 and 592:
—EQUATORIAL POLYNESIA. 485The who
Page 594 and 595:
LiSRARYOF THEJNlVERSlTYofttLlNOtS,i
Page 596 and 597:
—483 AUSTR.VLASIA.the gi-adual an
Page 598 and 599:
—400 AUSTRALASIA.for the highest
Page 600 and 601:
—402 AIISTRATiASIA.islets, whicli
Page 602 and 603:
494 AUSTRALASIA.in Honolulu, whore,
Page 604:
4'JGAUSTEAIjASIA.Anglicans, Metliod
Page 607 and 608:
HAWAH. 497a province of the great r
Page 609 and 610:
APPENDIX. 499Riouw and Lingga Archi
Page 611 and 612:
—ArrENDix. 501NoETHEEX Moluccas :
Page 613 and 614:
APPENDIX.Anibrym......-.Vate (Sandw
Page 615 and 616:
INDEX.Abang Volcano, 196Abong-Abons
Page 617 and 618:
INDEX. 507Deli Town, 96, 113Demak,
Page 619 and 620:
4INDEX. 509Malu Mountain, 124Mamauu
Page 621 and 622:
'INDEX. 511Salak Mountain, 151, 1S2
Page 626:
UNIVERSITY OF I1-UNOI3-URBANA
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