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Neutral Theory• Neutral theory states that much evolutionarychange in genes and proteins has no effect onfitness and therefore is not influenced byDarwinian selection• It states that the rate of molecular change inthese genes and proteins should be regular likea clockCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Difficulties with Molecular Clocks• The molecular clock does not run as smoothly asneutral theory predicts• Irregularities result from natural selection inwhich some DNA changes are favored overothers• Estimates of evolutionary divergences older thanthe fossil record have a high degree ofuncertainty• The use of multiple genes may improveestimatesCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education
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Chapter 26Phylogeny and the Tree of
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Fig. 26-2
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Binomial Nomenclature• In the 18t
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Hierarchical Classification• Linn
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Fig. 26-3aClass: MammaliaPhylum: Ch
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Linking Classification and Phylogen
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• Linnaean classification and phy
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• A rooted tree includes a branch
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What We Can and Cannot Learn fromPh
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Fig. 26-6RESULTSMinke(Antarctica)Mi
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Fig. 26-6bHumpback(North Atlantic)H
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• Phylogenies of anthrax bacteria
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Concept 26.2: Phylogenies are infer
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Sorting Homology from Analogy• Wh
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Fig. 26-7
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• Bat and bird wings are homologo
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Fig. 26-812DeletionInsertion34
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Fig. 26-8b34
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 26-9
Page 54 and 55: Cladistics• Cladistics groups org
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 26-10A A ABGroup IBBC C CDDDE
Page 58 and 59: • A paraphyletic grouping consist
Page 60 and 61: • A polyphyletic grouping consist
Page 62 and 63: Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived
Page 64 and 65: Inferring Phylogenies Using Derived
Page 66 and 67: TurtleFig. 26-11aTAXATunaSalamander
Page 68 and 69: • An outgroup is a species or gro
Page 70 and 71: Phylogenetic Trees with Proportiona
Page 72 and 73: • In other trees, branch length c
Page 74 and 75: Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likel
Page 76 and 77: Fig. 26-14HumanMushroomTulipHuman03
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 26-14b15%5%5%15% 15%10%20%25%T
Page 80 and 81: Fig. 26-15-1Species ISpecies IISpec
Page 82 and 83: Fig. 26-15-3Species ISiteSpecies II
Page 84 and 85: Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses•
Page 86 and 87: • This has been applied to infer
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 26-17aFront limbHind limbEggs(
Page 90 and 91: Concept 26.4: An organism’s evolu
Page 92 and 93: • Orthologous genes are found in
Page 94 and 95: Fig. 26-18Ancestral geneAncestral s
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 26-18bSpecies AGene duplicatio
Page 98 and 99: Concept 26.5: Molecular clocks help
Page 100 and 101: • Molecular clocks are calibrated
Page 104 and 105: Applying a Molecular Clock: The Ori
Page 106 and 107: Concept 26.6: New information conti
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 26-21EUKARYALand plantsDinofla
Page 110 and 111: Fig. 26-21bSulfolobusThermophilesHa
Page 112 and 113: A Simple Tree of All Life• The tr
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 26-22BacteriaEukaryaArchaea4 3
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 26-23EukaryaBacteriaArchaea
Page 118: 4. Define horizontal gene transfer
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