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• Orthologous genes are found in a single copyin the genome and are homologous between<strong>species</strong>• They can diverge only after speciation occursCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Paralogous genes result from geneduplication, so are found in more than onecopy in the genome• They can diverge within the clade that carriesthem and often evolve new functionsCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education
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Chapter 26Phylogeny and the Tree of
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Fig. 26-2
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Binomial Nomenclature• In the 18t
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Hierarchical Classification• Linn
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Fig. 26-3aClass: MammaliaPhylum: Ch
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Linking Classification and Phylogen
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• Linnaean classification and phy
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• A rooted tree includes a branch
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What We Can and Cannot Learn fromPh
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Fig. 26-6RESULTSMinke(Antarctica)Mi
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Fig. 26-6bHumpback(North Atlantic)H
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• Phylogenies of anthrax bacteria
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Concept 26.2: Phylogenies are infer
Page 42 and 43: Sorting Homology from Analogy• Wh
Page 44 and 45: Fig. 26-7
Page 46 and 47: • Bat and bird wings are homologo
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 26-812DeletionInsertion34
Page 50 and 51: Fig. 26-8b34
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 26-9
Page 54 and 55: Cladistics• Cladistics groups org
Page 56 and 57: Fig. 26-10A A ABGroup IBBC C CDDDE
Page 58 and 59: • A paraphyletic grouping consist
Page 60 and 61: • A polyphyletic grouping consist
Page 62 and 63: Shared Ancestral and Shared Derived
Page 64 and 65: Inferring Phylogenies Using Derived
Page 66 and 67: TurtleFig. 26-11aTAXATunaSalamander
Page 68 and 69: • An outgroup is a species or gro
Page 70 and 71: Phylogenetic Trees with Proportiona
Page 72 and 73: • In other trees, branch length c
Page 74 and 75: Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likel
Page 76 and 77: Fig. 26-14HumanMushroomTulipHuman03
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 26-14b15%5%5%15% 15%10%20%25%T
Page 80 and 81: Fig. 26-15-1Species ISpecies IISpec
Page 82 and 83: Fig. 26-15-3Species ISiteSpecies II
Page 84 and 85: Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses•
Page 86 and 87: • This has been applied to infer
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 26-17aFront limbHind limbEggs(
Page 90 and 91: Concept 26.4: An organism’s evolu
Page 94 and 95: Fig. 26-18Ancestral geneAncestral s
Page 96 and 97: Fig. 26-18bSpecies AGene duplicatio
Page 98 and 99: Concept 26.5: Molecular clocks help
Page 100 and 101: • Molecular clocks are calibrated
Page 102 and 103: Neutral Theory• Neutral theory st
Page 104 and 105: Applying a Molecular Clock: The Ori
Page 106 and 107: Concept 26.6: New information conti
Page 108 and 109: Fig. 26-21EUKARYALand plantsDinofla
Page 110 and 111: Fig. 26-21bSulfolobusThermophilesHa
Page 112 and 113: A Simple Tree of All Life• The tr
Page 114 and 115: Fig. 26-22BacteriaEukaryaArchaea4 3
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 26-23EukaryaBacteriaArchaea
Page 118: 4. Define horizontal gene transfer
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