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Overview: Investigating the Tree of Life• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a<strong>species</strong> or group of related <strong>species</strong>• The discipline of systematics classifiesorganisms and determines their evolutionaryrelationships• Systematists use fossil, molecular, and geneticdata to infer evolutionary relationshipsCopyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Page 1 and 2: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education
Page 3: Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education
Page 15: Chapter 26Phylogeny and the Tree of
Page 19 and 20: Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evol
Page 21 and 22: • The two-part scientific name of
Page 23 and 24: Fig. 26-3Species:PantherapardusGenu
Page 25 and 26: Fig. 26-3bSpecies:PantherapardusGen
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 26-4Order Family GenusSpeciesP
Page 29 and 30: • A phylogenetic tree represents
Page 31 and 32: Fig. 26-5Branch point(node)Taxon AA
Page 33 and 34: Applying Phylogenies• Phylogeny p
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 26-6aRESULTSMinke(Antarctica)M
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 26-6cUnknown #10,11, 12Unknown
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 26-UN1ABCBDCDCBD(a) (b) (c)AA
Page 41 and 42: Morphological and Molecular Homolog
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 25-18Close North American rela
Page 45 and 46: • Convergent evolution occurs whe
Page 47 and 48: Evaluating Molecular Homologies•
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 26-8a12DeletionInsertion
Page 51 and 52: • It is also important to disting
Page 53 and 54: Concept 26.3: Shared characters are
Page 55 and 56: • A valid clade is monophyletic,
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 26-10aABGroup ICDEFG(a) Monoph
Page 59 and 60: Fig. 26-10bABCDEGroup IIFG(b) Parap
Page 61 and 62: Fig. 26-10cABCDEGroup IIIFG(c) Poly
Page 63 and 64: • A shared ancestral character is
Page 65 and 66: Fig. 26-11TurtleLancelet(outgroup)T
Page 67 and 68:
Fig. 26-11bLancelet(outgroup)Lampre
Page 69 and 70:
• Homologies shared by the outgro
Page 71 and 72:
Fig. 26-12DrosophilaLanceletZebrafi
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Fig. 26-13DrosophilaLanceletZebrafi
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• Maximum parsimony assumes that
Page 77 and 78:
Fig. 26-14aHumanMushroomTulipHuman
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• Computer programs are used to s
Page 81 and 82:
Fig. 26-15-2Species I1CSite2 3T A4T
Page 83 and 84:
Fig. 26-15-4Species I1CSite2 3T A4T
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Fig. 26-16Lizardsand snakesCrocodil
Page 87 and 88:
Fig. 26-17Front limbHind limbEggs(a
Page 89 and 90:
Fig. 26-17b(b) Artist’s reconstru
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Gene Duplications and Gene Families
Page 93 and 94:
• Paralogous genes result from ge
Page 95 and 96:
Fig. 26-18aAncestral geneAncestral
Page 97 and 98:
Genome Evolution• Orthologous gen
Page 99 and 100:
Molecular Clocks• A molecular clo
Page 101 and 102:
Fig. 26-1990Number of mutations6030
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Difficulties with Molecular Clocks
Page 105 and 106:
Fig. 26-20Index of base changes bet
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From Two Kingdoms to Three Domains
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Fig. 26-21aGreen nonsulfur bacteria
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Fig. 26-21cEUKARYALand plantsDinofl
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• There have been substantial int
Page 115 and 116:
Is the Tree of Life Really a Ring?
Page 117 and 118:
You should now be able to:1. Explai
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