Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme in - SNV

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Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso tube of 50 cm height and a diameter of 20 to 30 cm, allowing charging the digester during its operation with liquid livestock wastes (semi-continuous feed system). The intervention of the AIDR on biogas technology in Burkina Faso ended by 1983; its work in close collaboration with the CIEH made it possible to produce digesters at a construction cost of 60,000 FCFA/m 3 . Based on the results of earlier research work, the “Institut Burkinabe de l’Energie” (IBE, actually called Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies [IRSAT]) carried out a research program – established with support of the German Appropriate Technology Exchange Centre (GATE, part of GTZ) - from 1982 on with the following objectives: o Reduction of digester cost o Development of burners for cooking and absorption refrigerator o Biogas adaptation of engines originally run by gasoline, gas oil, and oil o Technological and biological improvements of the outputs of biogas digesters o Setting up a strategy for pre-vulgarisation of the biogas technology o Analysing urban biogas application for pork breeders in Ouagadougou The main results of this program, financed by the Government, and through the Special Energy Program of the GTZ, were: o Improvement of technology • Water seal • Lids and fasteners • The guidance of the gas meters. • Construction materials: ferro-concrete and moulded ferro-concrete were used in the place of the reinforced concrete and the cement blocks. Through these improvements, the digester cost was reduced from 60,000 to 30,000 FCFA/m 3 . o Adaptation of the appliances of gas • Kitchen burner: Burners N° 2, 3, 15, 20, 30 were developed and installed on sites. • Refrigerator burner: An absorption refrigerator of 300 litres was adapted to biogas. • Motorization: A motor-driven pump, a welding set, and a generator were adapted to biogas. Only a few of the biogas units installed throughout the country are still working. The problems encountered with these installations were: o Technical: • Leakage of gas on the level of the water seal • Cracking of the digester • Short life time of installations o Organisational: • Selection of the sites: site with no structure capable to manage the installation due to the social character of the establishment (hospital); unavailability of organic matter on the sites - Medical centres, military camp. Operators had to transport organic matter over long distances. • No permanent water supply: lack of water during dry season; to feed the biogas installation, the users had sometimes to go far for fetching water. • Lack of ownership because the installations were almost entirely financed by international organizations such as COMES and GTZ. Biogas was economically not competitive as fire wood was not yet bought but still collected for free. 40
Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme Burkina Faso • Missing follow-up to the users, who did not carry out regular und correct maintenance of the installations due to lack of training and ownership. • Lack of human resources, material and financial means led to a situation where the IBE was not able to make the required follow-up of the installations. o Social • Hard work required for of loading and emptying which was also considered as dirty work • Biogas flame was perceived as small and cooking with biogas very slowly. • Persistence of traditions and competition with other use of organic matter (fuel wood, animal feed, preparation of potash) • No integration of agriculture and livestock activities • Inadequate dimensioning of installations: the majority of the biogas units were dimensioned without taking into account the energy needs of the users. • Biogas digesters have not yet been recognized as environmental protection technology. 2.3 Lessons Learned In 1982, a standardized batch type system with a fermenter of 18m³ could be built for US$ 389/m³ 90 . In 1983, a BORDA fix dome biogas plant of 10.3 m³ was built for US$ 110/m³; a Chinese-type fix dome plant of 6.95 m³ cost US$ 90/m³ 91 . Since then construction prices have increased, while other boundary conditions in favour for biogas have changed. The main factors that influence the selection of a particular design of a biogas plant have been identified as follows: 1. Economic. An ideal plant should cost as little as possible in terms of the production cost per unit volume of biogas both to the user as well as to society. Therefore – independent of the process design - 100% subsidies have been paid – but due to these subsidies, the cost of a plant to the society was higher than to the institution which received the plant. Whilst experience to date has revealed both successes and dissemination-related difficulties in technical, economic and organisational terms, the lessons learned from the economic point of view could guide the design of new local biogas development policies, especially at that time when the country is following a pattern of institutional decentralization. 2. Design. The design should be simple not only regarding construction but also for operation and maintenance. This is an important consideration especially in a country like Burkina Faso where the rate of literacy is low and the availability of a skilled work force is scarce. Prefabricated metal gas holders and gas tight covers have been selected as standards, thus generating high transport and material costs. Batch-fed biogas plants operate well regardless of the substrate being fed. Even twigs and unshredded leaves can decompose in these plants. But the system requires manual labour to fill and empty it, a heavy work that calls for strong men; it will generate biogas only irregularly, because the whole batch of filling material is going through the biogas process at once, and gas production needs to start again with a new filling. To partially overcome these disadvantages, batch-fed systems could 90 Lidon B. and Sola. G., APPLICATION DU BIOGAZ A LA PETITE IRRIGATION, CIEH, Ouagadougou, 1982 91 Oelert G., Auer F., Pertz K., A Guide to Project Planning Economic Issues of Renewable Energy Systems, 2 nd Edition, GTZ, 1988 41
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Feasibility Study for a National Domestic Biogas Programme in - SNV

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