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162 GLOSSARYGlossaryAid for TradeRefers to assisting developingcountries in improving their abilityto trade and to benefit from themultilateral trade regime.Common but differentiatedresponsibilitiesContained in the UNFCCC, theprinciple acknowledges that allstates have a common and sharedresponsibility to protect theenvironment, but recognises thatdue to their differing contributionsto environmental degradation andtheir particular circumstances,their responsibilities in this regardalso vary.g7+A voluntary association ofcountries that have been affectedby conflict and are now witnessingdevelopment. Their objective isto share best practices for endingconflict and poverty, and toimprove the way the internationalcommunity engages in conflictaffectedareas.Gini coefficientA commonly used index formeasuring income inequality. Itevaluates the income distributionin families in a country. It variesbetween 0 and 1, representingcomplete equality and inequalityrespectively.Global CompactA UN initiative, which calls onbusinesses to adopt 10 voluntaryprinciples in the areas of humanrights, labour, environment andanti-corruption to guide theiroperations.Green growthA form of sustainable development.It refers to achieving economicdevelopment while also protectingthe environment.High-Level Panel of EminentPersons on the Post-2015Development AgendaThe Panel was set up in 2012by the UN Secretary-General.Released in May 2013, its reportcontained recommendationson what should succeed theMillennium Development Goals,which are due to expire in 2015.IPCCEstablished in 1988, theIntergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) is ascientific body under the auspicesof the UN that reviews andassesses the most recent scientific,technical and socio-economicinformation produced worldwideon climate change.LDCsThe UN classifies least developedcountries (LDCs) on the basis ofthree criteria: low-income, humanassets and economic vulnerability.Examples of LDCs include Haiti,Senegal and Togo.LLDCsLandlocked developing countries(LLDCs) are those countries whichdo not have access to the sea. ManyLLDCs are also classified as leastdeveloped countries. Examples ofLLDCs include Burundi, Chad andRwanda.Millennium DeclarationAdopted by UN Member Statesat the Millennium Summit. It setsout proposals for development,human rights, security andenvironment priorities for theinternational community. TheDeclaration was the basis forformulating the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)Eight international goals aimedat eliminating global poverty andinequality. All UN Member Stateshave agreed to try to achieve themby 2015.Millennium SummitThe Millennium Summit was heldbetween 6-8 September 2000.At the meeting, UN MemberStates reaffirmed their faith inthe organisation and adopted theMillennium Declaration.Monterrey ConsensusReached at the InternationalConference on Financing forDevelopment in Monterrey in2002. It lists six priority areas forfinancing, including external debtand international trade.1992 Rio SummitRefers to the UN Conference onEnvironment and Development,held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992to discuss issues such as poverty,inequality and environment.Rights-based approach todevelopmentViews respect for human rightsas essential for developmentand addressing discrimination.This approach is premisedon empowering the peoplewhose rights have been violatedand making the governmentsaccountable to them.Rio+20Rio+20 (also referred to as Rio2012 or the Earth Summit 2012) isthe UN Conference on SustainableDevelopment held in Rio deJaneiro in 2012. It was held 20years after the first Rio Summit.SIDSThe Small Island Developing States(SIDS) were identified at the 1992Rio Summit. They usually havesmall markets and battle with hightransportation and infrastructurecosts. Examples of SIDS includeFiji, Jamaica and Seychelles.South-SouthRefers to cooperation andcollaboration amongst developingcountries. These can be by wayof trade, technology, scientificexpertise and so on.Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)An outcome of the Rio+20Summit, at which UN MemberStates agreed to work towards aninternational framework to helpcountries better target and monitorprogress on social, environmentaland economic development.Sustainable Development GoalsWorking GroupAlso referred to as the SDGWorking Group or the OpenWorking Group on SustainableDevelopment Goals, an outcomeof the Rio+20 process. It refersto a 30-member group set up in2013 to formulate SDGs. TheGroup produced an OutcomeDocument in July 2014 containing17 draft SDGs.Triangular cooperationA model for providing internationaldevelopment assistance involvingtwo donors and one beneficiary.The donors usually are atraditional donor country from theDevelopment Assistance Committeeof the Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development,and an emerging country. Thebeneficiary is a developing country.UNFCCCThe UN Framework Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC)is a treaty that arose from the1992 Rio Summit. It servesas a mechanism for states toconsider action on limitingglobal temperature increases andaddressing the impacts of climatechange. It produced the KyotoProtocol, which legally bindsdeveloped countries to emissionreduction targets.UN Sustainable DevelopmentSolutions NetworkLaunched by the UN Secretary-General in 2012. 12 thematicgroups are a part of this network,which includes academics,practitioners and experts.Washington ConsensusThe term ‘WashingtonConsensus’ was formulatedin 1989 by economist JohnWilliamson. It refers to 10policy outcomes, such as taxreform and trade liberalisation,which were promoted at thetime by Washington-basedfinancial institutions (such as theInternational Monetary Fund) andthe US government.GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2014