SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS AND ...

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emain for several years in soil and plant debris and serves as primary ~noculum fordiseases caused by R. solani on subsequent crops (Herr, 1976; Mac Nish andDodman, 1987).Twonomy, structure, occurrence nnd di.~lrlbutlonR, solani is a soil borne pathogen belonging to Fungi Imperfecti and has awide host range and extensive adaptability to various environmental conditions. Theform genus Rhizocfonia contains 15 species, Since conidia are not produced, thetaxonomy of the genus is very dltficult. According to Parmeter (1970). the genusRhizoctonro is a heterogenous assemblage of mycelia of Bas~d~omycetes,Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes R solani frequently exists as thread-like growthon plants or in culture Asexual spores are not produced and thus the fungus wasplaced in a taxonomic group with sterile mycelia only (fungal thread). Charateristicsof sexual spore formation and the structures which produce them belong toThanafephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk. (perfect state), a basidiomycetes.Infrequently. sexual spores are observed on diseased plants. Species of Rhuoctoniaare facultative necrotrophs. Speclalised structures-basidia are produced for theformation of the sexual spores. Four spores are produced on each basidium. Basidiaare formed when the environment is moist and sufficient growth of the fungus hasoccurred. Basiodiospores are wind dispersed and germinate in the presence ofmoisture. Each basiod~ospore has a single nucleus. The hyphae produced bygerminating spores will fuse (anastarnose), forming new hyphae with a combinationof nuclei. It has been observed that basidiospores are not formed in the host tissue.Several methods have been developed to produce basiodiospores in pure culture butstill remain difficult. R. solani produces thread-like structure called hypha. Thehyphae ofR, soloni have the following characteristics: some shades of brown; a
special type of cross wall within the hypha, called dolipore septum; each cell ismultinucleate rather than binucleate; branches are produced at right angles; no asexualspores are produced. In general, the growth rate of R. solani is very rapid and a typicalisolate can grow across a YO mm petri plate in three days. Small, oval cells producedin branched chains or clusters are formed. These are called moniliod cells and haveslightly thicker walls than the mycelium. Large aggregates of these cells are calledsclerotia which are black to brown and 3-5 mm long. Parmeter (1970) has broughttogether and integrated all of the available information on R. solani in all it variousaspects, especially ecology and physiology of R. solani that directly or indirectlyprovides access to all the important work on this fungus.The hyphal cells of R. solani have many nuclei (commonly 4-8). Isolatesbelonging to R. solanr are classified into different anastomosis groups (AG) based onhyphal anastomosis, cultural morphology and pathogenicity (Sneh er a/., 1991).Currently, there are 12 AGs to which isolates of R. solani are assigned, Isolates ofR, solani from soybean belong to Ati-I, Ati-2-2, AG-4 or AG-5, although isolatesbelonging to AG-3 have also been reported to infect soybean (Jones and Belmar,1989; Nelson et 01.. 19%). AG-I and AG-2 are further subdivided into AG-I IA,AG-I IB and AG-I 1C and Ati-2-1 and AG-2-2. Subgroups AG-1 1A and 19 areprimarily foliar pathogens and cause aerial blight and web blight, respectively,whereas isolates in the remaining groups cause seed, root and stem rots. Thisdlstlnguishes it from similar fungi that have only 2 nuclei per cell. Those fungi withhyphal characteristic s~m~lar to R. solani, but with onl! 2 nuclei per cell, are calledbinucleate types and are generally non-pathogmic. Certain fungi closely resembleR. solani in mycel~al characteristics but possess predominantly binucleate hyphalcells. The perfect states of some of these binucleate Rhiroctonia-like fungi (RLF)
Page 1 and 2: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL AN
Page 3 and 4: MS. ASHA. A. N.DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTR
Page 5 and 6: 1 am e~retm-4 gratefill to my super
Page 7: APSUSACBBEDTAHEPES0-MEI ~ MI'C APMS
Page 10 and 11: - --the dietary requirement of man,
Page 12 and 13: nitrogen through the symb~ot~c bact
Page 14 and 15: - - -aspartlc acid 5 7%. glutamrc a
Page 16 and 17: important ones. In maklng tofu, drl
Page 18 and 19: with some supplies coming from Indi
Page 22 and 23: have been identified as species of
Page 24 and 25: --funglc~des. vlz , thirem, pentach
Page 26 and 27: din~troanlline and tnfluralin on R.
Page 28 and 29: appropriate charactertsatlon of the
Page 30 and 31: B~nder. 1973). Trrchaderma and C;li
Page 32 and 33: oth the test lung1 was affected and
Page 34 and 35: The integrated use of b~ological co
Page 37 and 38: MATERIALS AND METHOD5In the present
Page 40 and 41: Unrversrty. Coimbatore and Departme
Page 42 and 43: To 50 ml stertllzed czapek's l~quid
Page 44 and 45: ntxture. The enzyme actlvlty was ex
Page 46 and 47: VIscosIb mrawracnl: Ostwald vimmete
Page 48 and 49: 100 g of talc powder was taken In e
Page 50 and 51: 2 Infectton experlrnent G', mm plan
Page 52 and 53: amount of electrolyte released from
Page 54 and 55: Z2.2. REDUCING SUGARS: Amount of re
Page 56 and 57: 4 Solution H 20 p of n~nhydrrn was
Page 58 and 59: Reagents:I Ilye IlM) rng ol'C'tmrna
Page 60 and 61: pestle The hornogenate was filtered
Page 62 and 63: sample was added to a test tube wtt
Page 64 and 65: mlnlne water was trmoved with the e
Page 66 and 67: atmosphere w~thin the tank became s
Page 69 and 70: IN VITRO STUDIES:Rrrdlrrl ~cefiol g
Page 71:
Photograph I. ('ulture plates showi
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I>cvc.lopmmr of antibiotic reslttan
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T~blc 3 Elfcct of srngle and dual t
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Flgw: 2. E&ts ol'smgk and dual trea
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C
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Table S Effect of single and dual t
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IN VIVO STUDIES:Ulsense intensi(11:
Page 86 and 87:
Table 7 Effcci of slnglc and dual t
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No'fable 8 Effect of slnple and dua
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Table 10 Effect of s~ngle and dual
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I'ablc I I hH'ect of single and dua
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1 vblt 12 l:llec~ ol aingic and dua
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l'rhle I3 Efict ol's~ngle and dual
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Table 14 I3lecl of single and dual
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value (1-10.28 and 11-9.58 mg/g d.w
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PHENOL: The phenol content In the l
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'Table 18 Eflect of s~ngle and dual
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followed hy CGNS (1-0 082 and 11-0
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Table 21. Effkt ofr~ngle and dual t
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Plate 1. SDS-PAGE analysis of singl
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Figure 6. 'H-NIR SPECTRI:hl OF ACI'
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0 urn-* nu - Y I2& a 7 ,*a -i:5:6 C
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DISCUSSIONThe present studv brlngs
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(2001) confirmed that the ant~bioti
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evealed that m vrrro rnyceltal grow
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-dual treatment is due to the fact
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wall of R, solani. Riathilagam (199
Page 128 and 129:
Dlsense Intensiy Studles: Significa
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spp. created a competition for nutr
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- - - - -- - -Mukhopadhyay (2003) b
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the yield can be attributed to the
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two Pseudomonos stralns reduced ele
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photosynthetic pigments In the leav
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treatments, Pt23 + C. gigantea exhi
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- --ammonia Finally they are conver
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- -Highest amount of protein obtain
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the pathogen towards the other heal
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treated wlth the mvcel~al extract o
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cellular contents also (Leopold and
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substance obtained from the leafext
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out the fact that these fung~ are a
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ought by the microbial antagonist w
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SUMMARYThe present study bnngs out
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+ All the single and dual heamrents
Page 164 and 165:
enhanced physiological activities a
Page 166 and 167:
Ahad I.R. Uurzo MI'. I.IU I). Naras
Page 168 and 169:
Barea JM. Bianciotto V. Dowling I).
Page 170 and 171:
Boysen M. Borja M del Moral C. Sala
Page 172 and 173:
Christopher ET, Andrew CG. Robert F
Page 174 and 175:
Denis C. Wehster J (1971 a) Antagon
Page 176 and 177:
-DultT BJ, JW Meller. Bakker PAHM,
Page 178 and 179:
Haware MI'. Mukherlee PK. Lenne JM,
Page 180 and 181:
-Janlslewlcz WJ (1988) Blocontrol o
Page 182 and 183:
Koul OP, Muthoo AK (1999) Effect of
Page 184 and 185:
Lorito M. Di Pietro A. Hayes UK, Wo
Page 186 and 187:
McCready RM, Guggale J. Silviera V,
Page 188 and 189:
- --- --Ogla L, Ozerestksonkaya OL
Page 190 and 191:
Pugazhenthi S (2001) Effect of aque
Page 192 and 193:
- --'Rueslnk, AW. Thlmann KV (1965)
Page 194 and 195:
-- -- - -Shama RR. Gout HN, Bora KK
Page 196 and 197:
Tewari AK, Mukhopadhyay AN (2001) M
Page 198 and 199:
Wang G. Mlchallldes rJ, Bostock RM
Page 201:
LIST OF PUBLICATIONSI. Asha AN, Kan
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