SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS AND ...

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B~nder. 1973). Trrchaderma and C;liocladium are closely related fungal blocontrolagents Each produces antlmicrob~al compounds and suppresses disease by dlversemechan~sms. Including the pmduct~on of the structurally complex antiblotlcs gl~ovirinand gliotoxln (Howell et 01. 1993) The Importance of the lyt~c enzymes produced bylitchodermo spp In the b~ologlcal control of plant pathogens has been brought out byseveral workers ('f'ok~rnoto. 1982. Schlrmbock er a/. 1994. Haran er 01. 1996. Lew~sand Papavlzas. 19Y1) They have confirmed the antib~ot~c efiicacy of Trrchodermr,spp and (;lrr~ladtum vrrens fonnulat~on agalnst conon damping-off caused by R.snloni tiouell er ul (2000) reported that the defense response. panlcularly terpenoidsynthesis cn the seeds treated \v~th Trrchodermo spp may be cons~dered as anlmpnanl mhan~sm In the h~olog~cal control of R solanr lnclted conon seedllngdlsasc Shanna and Trlpalh~ (2001 J found oul that sevd treatment and fol~ar spray ofT hucronum and (; vrrerrt Sormula~ton uas rnixt~\e In the control of web bllghtdlseasr of urd hean caused h R solonrAccording to Howell (2002) Trichalemo treatments In other plants tndlcaethat Ihe mhiinlsm and nature ol thls h ~wntml agent IS strll ver) elus~ve and needlot more lnterprrtatlon In older I~tera~ure. the prlmaty rnechanlsms In the plant-psthogmr fungal tntersctlon were cons~dered to he rntcoparasltlsm. ant~blos~s andcompct~t~on More racntl\ man) other mechan~srn such as competltlon for fungalgcnnlnatwn el~c~tors (Ho~ell 2003) and lnhlh~tion of ermine rqulred for lnfect~on(/.~mand. 1%)d~ffmt fmulattons of
were very effecuve in reducing the disease tnc~dence as well as In produc~ng highery~eld. Harman el 01. (2004) reponed that seed treatment with T. horrianum strain 22shows substant~al elTect on the prowh of mawe inbred line Mo17 Seedl~ngs treatedwtth '1'22 were larger than untreated ones lnfestat~on of so11 with P. utimrrm had veryllnle en'ect on the growth of Mo17 It also Increased the level of proteln. &I, I3glucanase. exochlt~nase and endochltlnase In the roots and shoo&. It also Induced SRIn rnalzr agatnst ( ' pmmrcoluPhytoa?racl as a potential biocontrol agentl'h~toestracts ot' several hlgher plants have been reported to control varlousf'ungl dlsases (Srnastava and R~har~. 1997. Prarntla and Duky. 2003) Jasrnlne(lW7). Senth~l Kumaran. (1948). Asha (1999). Gomath1 (2001) and Chttra (2002)have s~ud~cd the ~nhlh~ton eltkts of (armus ph~torrctmcts on Colletorrrch~rm capsrcr(jornaiht (2001) brought out the whlbltog enects of the aqueous leaf emacts ofI-rumere/, Prroprs juirjloru and L%)lonum ronvm on (' rapsrcr lnfecttng( 'aprrorm annrrm Sr~vastava and B~han ( 1997) r e p 4 that out of ten plants tested.fresh leaf of Atadrmchta mndrcu. tblonaprs procera. Ocrmum basrircrrm stoppedmyccl~al growzh of ('un.ulono rubermlata and Altemrra alter~la Grhlot andBohra (1%)rrponed anttfungal actlvlty of certatn halophytes apalnst A solunr Thebarl and leaf extracts ol' 7bmarrr a&.Na.leaf and stern estracts of Solaola lu7nnsmu.stem and root c~tracts of Alrrplex Ient~forn,rs and onl! stern esuact of ~lulon~lonrecunrm shod tolal ~nh~b~t~on of the potato blight pathogen 'Thopill1 (2002)reponad anttmmohlal actlv~y of essential o~l of Arfemrsra nr1,qrrim. a strong11scent4 we& herb of Astcraccac The o ~l was tour to SIX hacterta and seven fung~, In vrrro mttfungal actlvtty of Ttmupra cwd~fdru Has stdtrd by Brino cr a1(2002) ustq chloroform and ethnol extracts They ohserved that mgcel~al growth ol'
Page 1 and 2: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL AN
Page 3 and 4: MS. ASHA. A. N.DEPT. OF BIOCHEMISTR
Page 5 and 6: 1 am e~retm-4 gratefill to my super
Page 7: APSUSACBBEDTAHEPES0-MEI ~ MI'C APMS
Page 10 and 11: - --the dietary requirement of man,
Page 12 and 13: nitrogen through the symb~ot~c bact
Page 14 and 15: - - -aspartlc acid 5 7%. glutamrc a
Page 16 and 17: important ones. In maklng tofu, drl
Page 18 and 19: with some supplies coming from Indi
Page 20 and 21: emain for several years in soil and
Page 22 and 23: have been identified as species of
Page 24 and 25: --funglc~des. vlz , thirem, pentach
Page 26 and 27: din~troanlline and tnfluralin on R.
Page 28 and 29: appropriate charactertsatlon of the
Page 32 and 33: oth the test lung1 was affected and
Page 34 and 35: The integrated use of b~ological co
Page 37 and 38: MATERIALS AND METHOD5In the present
Page 40 and 41: Unrversrty. Coimbatore and Departme
Page 42 and 43: To 50 ml stertllzed czapek's l~quid
Page 44 and 45: ntxture. The enzyme actlvlty was ex
Page 46 and 47: VIscosIb mrawracnl: Ostwald vimmete
Page 48 and 49: 100 g of talc powder was taken In e
Page 50 and 51: 2 Infectton experlrnent G', mm plan
Page 52 and 53: amount of electrolyte released from
Page 54 and 55: Z2.2. REDUCING SUGARS: Amount of re
Page 56 and 57: 4 Solution H 20 p of n~nhydrrn was
Page 58 and 59: Reagents:I Ilye IlM) rng ol'C'tmrna
Page 60 and 61: pestle The hornogenate was filtered
Page 62 and 63: sample was added to a test tube wtt
Page 64 and 65: mlnlne water was trmoved with the e
Page 66 and 67: atmosphere w~thin the tank became s
Page 69 and 70: IN VITRO STUDIES:Rrrdlrrl ~cefiol g
Page 71: Photograph I. ('ulture plates showi
Page 74 and 75: I>cvc.lopmmr of antibiotic reslttan
Page 76 and 77: T~blc 3 Elfcct of srngle and dual t
Page 78 and 79: Flgw: 2. E&ts ol'smgk and dual trea
Page 80 and 81:
C
Page 82 and 83:
Table S Effect of single and dual t
Page 84 and 85:
IN VIVO STUDIES:Ulsense intensi(11:
Page 86 and 87:
Table 7 Effcci of slnglc and dual t
Page 88 and 89:
No'fable 8 Effect of slnple and dua
Page 90 and 91:
Table 10 Effect of s~ngle and dual
Page 92 and 93:
I'ablc I I hH'ect of single and dua
Page 94 and 95:
1 vblt 12 l:llec~ ol aingic and dua
Page 96 and 97:
l'rhle I3 Efict ol's~ngle and dual
Page 98 and 99:
Table 14 I3lecl of single and dual
Page 100 and 101:
value (1-10.28 and 11-9.58 mg/g d.w
Page 102 and 103:
PHENOL: The phenol content In the l
Page 104 and 105:
'Table 18 Eflect of s~ngle and dual
Page 106 and 107:
followed hy CGNS (1-0 082 and 11-0
Page 108 and 109:
Table 21. Effkt ofr~ngle and dual t
Page 110 and 111:
Plate 1. SDS-PAGE analysis of singl
Page 113:
Figure 6. 'H-NIR SPECTRI:hl OF ACI'
Page 116 and 117:
0 urn-* nu - Y I2& a 7 ,*a -i:5:6 C
Page 118 and 119:
DISCUSSIONThe present studv brlngs
Page 120 and 121:
(2001) confirmed that the ant~bioti
Page 122 and 123:
evealed that m vrrro rnyceltal grow
Page 124 and 125:
-dual treatment is due to the fact
Page 126 and 127:
wall of R, solani. Riathilagam (199
Page 128 and 129:
Dlsense Intensiy Studles: Significa
Page 130 and 131:
spp. created a competition for nutr
Page 132 and 133:
- - - - -- - -Mukhopadhyay (2003) b
Page 134 and 135:
the yield can be attributed to the
Page 136 and 137:
two Pseudomonos stralns reduced ele
Page 138 and 139:
photosynthetic pigments In the leav
Page 140 and 141:
treatments, Pt23 + C. gigantea exhi
Page 142 and 143:
- --ammonia Finally they are conver
Page 144 and 145:
- -Highest amount of protein obtain
Page 146 and 147:
the pathogen towards the other heal
Page 148 and 149:
treated wlth the mvcel~al extract o
Page 150 and 151:
cellular contents also (Leopold and
Page 152 and 153:
substance obtained from the leafext
Page 154:
out the fact that these fung~ are a
Page 158 and 159:
ought by the microbial antagonist w
Page 160 and 161:
SUMMARYThe present study bnngs out
Page 162 and 163:
+ All the single and dual heamrents
Page 164 and 165:
enhanced physiological activities a
Page 166 and 167:
Ahad I.R. Uurzo MI'. I.IU I). Naras
Page 168 and 169:
Barea JM. Bianciotto V. Dowling I).
Page 170 and 171:
Boysen M. Borja M del Moral C. Sala
Page 172 and 173:
Christopher ET, Andrew CG. Robert F
Page 174 and 175:
Denis C. Wehster J (1971 a) Antagon
Page 176 and 177:
-DultT BJ, JW Meller. Bakker PAHM,
Page 178 and 179:
Haware MI'. Mukherlee PK. Lenne JM,
Page 180 and 181:
-Janlslewlcz WJ (1988) Blocontrol o
Page 182 and 183:
Koul OP, Muthoo AK (1999) Effect of
Page 184 and 185:
Lorito M. Di Pietro A. Hayes UK, Wo
Page 186 and 187:
McCready RM, Guggale J. Silviera V,
Page 188 and 189:
- --- --Ogla L, Ozerestksonkaya OL
Page 190 and 191:
Pugazhenthi S (2001) Effect of aque
Page 192 and 193:
- --'Rueslnk, AW. Thlmann KV (1965)
Page 194 and 195:
-- -- - -Shama RR. Gout HN, Bora KK
Page 196 and 197:
Tewari AK, Mukhopadhyay AN (2001) M
Page 198 and 199:
Wang G. Mlchallldes rJ, Bostock RM
Page 201:
LIST OF PUBLICATIONSI. Asha AN, Kan
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SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL ANTAGONISTS AND ...

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