Geology of the Kaikoura Area - GNS Science

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis map was compiled by M.S. Rattenbury (part or all ofNZMS 260 sheets M30, M31, M32, M33, N31), M.R.Johnston (M29, N29, N30, O29, P29, Q29) and D.B.Townsend (M33, N32, N33, O30, O31, O32, O33, P30, P31),with significant contributions from C. Mazengarb (N31,O31) and M.J. Isaac (O30). Major sources of contributinginformation were geological maps at 1:50 000, by Suggate(1984), Challis & others (1994), Johnston (1990), Reay (1993)and Warren (1995). Additional data came from publishedpapers, reports, bulletins, and unpublished material fromthe files of GNS Science, mineral exploration companyreports and university theses.Fieldwork during 2000–2004 concentrated on visitingselected key areas and filling gaps in knowledge, especiallyin the greywacke rocks. Fieldwork was undertaken withconsiderable assistance from B. Allan, J.G. Begg, R.Jongens, J.M. Lee, B. May, T. Nash, G.A. Partington, J. H.Rattenbury. P. Sprung, D. Thomas, and I.M. Turnbull.Aerial photograph interpretation of landslides by T.PCoote, G.D. Dellow and S.A.L. Read was compiled from theLandslide Map of New Zealand project. The offshoregeology has been compiled from Field, Browne & others(1989), Field, Uruski & others (1997) and unpublished andsome published data of P.M. Barnes and co-authors listedin the references. We thank the National Institute of Waterand Atmospheric Research for permission to reproduceoffshore bathymetry, faults and folds from their digitalrecords.The co-operation of geology department heads fromVictoria, Canterbury and Otago universities in allowingaccess to student theses is gratefully acknowledged.Geological map data have been sourced from the followinguniversity theses; Adamson (1966), Allen (1962), Audru(1996), Botsford (1983), Challis (1960), Clegg (2001), Cowan(1989), Cutten (1976), Grapes (1972), Hall (1964), Harker(1989), Hill (1998), Jones (1995), Kirker (1989), Kundycki(1996), Lihou (1991), Lowry (1995), McLean (1986),Melhuish (1988), Montague (1981), Nicol (1977), Powell(1985), Prebble (1976), Ritchie (1986), Robertson (1989),Rose (1986), Slater (2001), Smith (2001), Stewart (1974),Stone (2001), Townsend (1996, 2001), Vickery (1994), Waters(1988), and Worley (1995). The North Canterbury GIScompiled by Pettinga & Campbell (2003) contains data fromUniversity of Canterbury student theses includingLitchfield (1995), Mould (1992), Nicol (1991), and infillmapping by A.M. Wandres.Development and maintenance of the GIS database wereby D.W. Heron and M.S. Rattenbury, with digital captureand map production by J. Arnst, T. Browne, B. Carthew,D.W. Heron, B. Lukovic, M. Persaud, J.H. Rattenbury, P.Sprung, S. Tille and D.B. Townsend. Map design and digitalcartography were by D.W. Heron and M.S. Rattenbury.The text was written by M.S. Rattenbury, D.B. Townsendand M.R. Johnston with considerable input to thegeological hazards section from G.L. Downes. The diagramswere prepared by P. Carthew, M.S. Rattenbury and D.B.Townsend. Parts or all of the map and text were reviewedby G.H. Browne, J.S. Crampton, S.W. Edbrooke, B.D. Field,P.J. Forsyth, C.J. Hollis, M.G. Laird, N.J. Litchfield, T.A.Little, and I.M. Turnbull. The map and text were edited byP.J. Forsyth and D.W. Heron. Text layout was by P.L.Murray. M.J. Isaac checked proofs of the map and text.R. Solomon of Te Runanga o Kaikoura provided thehistorical information for the front cover and frontispiecephotographs.Funding for the QMAP: Geological Map of New Zealandproject was provided by the Foundation for Research,Science & Technology under contract C05X0401.The base map is sourced from Land Information NewZealand. Crown copyright reserved.AVAILABILITY OF QMAP DATAThe geological map accompanying this book is derivedfrom information stored in the QMAP geographicinformation system (GIS) database maintained by GNSScience and from other GIS-compatible digital databases.The data shown on the map are a subset of the availableinformation. Customised single-factor and multifactor mapscan be generated from the GIS and integrated with otherdata sets to produce, for example, maps showing fossil ormineral localities in relation to specific rock types, or mapsshowing rock types in relation to the road network. Datacan be presented for user-defined specific areas, forirregular areas such as local authority territories, or in theform of strip maps showing information within a specifieddistance of linear features such as roads or the coastline.The information can be made available at any requiredscale, bearing in mind the scale of data capture and thegeneralisation involved in digitising. Maps produced at ascale greater than 1:50 000 will generally not show accurate,detailed geological information. The QMAP series mapsare available in GIS vector and raster digital form usingstandard data interchange formats.For new or additional information, for prints of this map atother scales, for selected data or combinations of datasets or for derivative or single-factor maps based on QMAPdata, please contact:QMAP LeaderGNS ScienceP. O. Box 30 368Lower Hutt60
REFERENCESAdams, C.J. 2003: K-Ar geochronology of Torlesse Supergroupmetasedimentary rocks in Canterbury, New Zealand. Journalof the Royal Society of New Zealand 33: 165-187.Adams, C.J. 2004: Rb-Sr age and strontium isotope characteristicsof the Greenland Group, Buller Terrane, New Zealand, andcorrelations at the East Gondwanaland margin. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 47: 189-200.Adams, C.J.; Graham, I.J.; Johnston, M.R. 1999: Age and isotopiccharacterisation of geological terranes in Marlborough Schist,Nelson/Marlborough, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal ofGeology and Geophysics 42: 33-55.Adams, C.J.; Harper, C.T.; Laird, M.G. 1975: K-Ar ages of lowgrade metasediments of the Greenland and Waiuta groups inWestland and Buller, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal ofGeology and Geophysics 18: 39-48.Adams, C.J.; Maas, R. 2004: Age/isotopic characterisation ofthe Waipapa Group in Northland and Auckland, New Zealand,and implications for the status of the Waipapa Terrane. NewZealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47: 173-187.Adamson, R.G. 1966: Stratigraphy and structure in the northernpart of the area between the Glenroy and Matakitaki Rivers,south Nelson, New Zealand. MSc thesis (Geology), Universityof Canterbury, Christchurch.Allen, A.D. 1962: Stratigraphy and structure of the MiddleAwatere Valley, and contributions to Antarctic geology. MScthesis (Geology), Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.Allis, R.G.; Henley, R.W.; Carman, A.F. 1979: The thermal regimebeneath the Southern Alps. In Walcott, R.I.; Cresswell, M.M.ed. The origin of the Southern Alps. Royal Society of NewZealand Bulletin 18: 79-85.Alvarez, L.W.; Alvarez, W.; Asaro, F.; Michel, H.V. 1980:Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.Science 208(4448): 1095-1108.Anderson, H.; Webb, T. 1994: New Zealand seismicity: patternsrevealed by the upgraded National Seismograph Network. NewZealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 37: 477-493.Andrews, P.B. 1963: Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Omihiand Waikari formations, North Canterbury. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 6: 228-256.Andrews, P.B. 1970: Pahau River area. Unpublished map, GNSScience, Lower Hutt.Andrews, P.B. 1974: Deltaic sediments, Upper Triassic TorlesseSupergroup, Broken River, North Canterbury. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 17: 881-905.Andrews, P.B.; Field, B.D.; Browne, G.H.; McLennan, J.M.1987: Lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceousand Tertiary sequence of central Canterbury, New Zealand.New Zealand Geological Survey Record 24. 40 p.Andrews, P.B.; Speden, I.G.; Bradshaw, J.D. 1976: Lithologicaland paleontological content of the Carboniferous-JurassicCanterbury Suite, South Island, New Zealand. New ZealandJournal of Geology and Geophysics 19: 791-819.Aronson, J.L. 1965: Reconnaissance rubidium-strontiumgeochronology of New Zealand plutonic and metamorphicrocks. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 8:401-423.Audru, J-C. 1996: De la subduction d’Hikurangi a la faille alpine,region de Marlborough, Nouvelle-Zelande. PhD thesis,University of Nice.Bacon, S.N.; Chinn, T.J.; Van Dissen, R.J.; Tillinghast, S.F.;Goldstein, H.L.; Burke, R.M. 2001: Paleo-equilibrium linealtitude estimates from late Quaternary glacial features in theInland Kaikoura Range, South Island, New Zealand. NewZealand Journal of Geology & Geophysics 44: 55-67.Baker, J.A.; Gamble, J.A.; Graham, I.J. 1994: The age, geology,and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex,Marlborough, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geologyand Geophysics 37: 249-268.Baker, J.A.; Seward, D. 1996: Timing of Cretaceous extensionand Miocene compression in northeast South Island, NewZealand: constraints from Rb-Sr and fission-track dating of anigneous pluton. Tectonics 15: 976-983.Bandel, K.; Gruendel, J.; Maxwell, P. 2000: Gastropods fromthe upper Early Jurassic/early Middle Jurassic of KaiwaraValley, North Canterbury, New Zealand. FreibergerForschungshefte. C490. Palaeontologie, stratigraphie, faziesHeft 8: 67-132.Barnes, I.; Downes, C.J.; Hulston, J.R. 1978: Warm springs,South Island, New Zealand, and their potentials to yieldlaumontite. American Journal of Science 278: 1412-1427.Barnes, P.M. 1994a: Pliocene-Pleistocene depositional units onthe continental slope off central New Zealand: control by slopecurrents and global climate cycles. Marine Geology 117: 155-175.Barnes, P.M. 1994b: Continental extension of the Pacific Plate atthe southern termination of the Hikurangi subduction zone: theNorth Mernoo Fault Zone, offshore New Zealand. Tectonics13: 735-754.Barnes, P.M. 2004: Offshore Kaikoura. Unpublished map,NIWA, Wellington.Barnes, P.M.; Audru, J.-C. 1999a: Recognition of active strikeslipfaulting from high-resolution marine seismic reflectionprofiles: Eastern Marlborough fault system, New Zealand.Geological Society of America Bulletin 111: 538-559.Barnes, P.M.; Audru, J.-C. 1999b: Quaternary faulting in theoffshore Flaxbourne and Wairarapa Basins, southern CookStrait, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology andGeophysics 42: 349-367.Bassett, K.N.; Orlowski, R. 2004: Pahau Terrane type locality:fan delta in an accretionary prism trench-slope basin. NewZealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47: 603-623.Beck, A.C.; Annear, E. 1968: Cheviot area, North Canterbury.Unpublished map, GNS Science, Lower Hutt.Begg, J.G.; Johnston, M.R. (comp) 2000: Geology of theWellington area: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences1:250 000 geological map 10. Lower Hutt, Institute ofGeological & Nuclear Sciences. 1 sheet + 64 p.Benson, A.M.; Little, T.A.; Van Dissen, R.J.; Hill, N.; Townsend,D.B. 2001: Late Quaternary paleoseismic history and surfacerupture characteristics of the eastern Awatere strike-slip fault,New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113: 1079-1091.61
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1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 G e o l o g i c a l
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ABSTRACTThe Kaikoura 1:250 000 geol
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27 10722181725814362333322621243128
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ProvinceSEDIMENTARY AND VOLCANIC RO
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Main Divide rangesGEOMORPHOLOGYThe
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Figure 9 Basin and range topography
Page 18 and 19: Figure 12 The active Alpine (Wairau
Page 20 and 21: 290PermianCarboniferous354Late Devo
Page 22 and 23: iotite granite, locally with megacr
Page 24: interlayered with the Rotoroa Compl
Page 28 and 29: Figure 19 Maitai Group sedimentary
Page 30 and 31: Torlesse composite terraneThe Torle
Page 32 and 33: Permian to Late Triassic semischist
Page 34: Zones of intra-Pahau mélange, char
Page 37 and 38: CRETACEOUS TO PLIOCENEFollowing ama
Page 39 and 40: Figure 31 Interbedded sandstone and
Page 41 and 42: Figure 34 The Seymour Group include
Page 43 and 44: of feldspar-clinopyroxene-biotite-a
Page 45 and 46: The Amuri Limestone (Pza, Eza) is w
Page 47 and 48: overlies older rocks (Carter & Land
Page 49 and 50: Late Miocene to earliest Late Plioc
Page 51 and 52: QUATERNARYThe tectonic regime initi
Page 53 and 54: Figure 52 Screes on the southern fl
Page 55 and 56: Marine depositsMarine sand and grav
Page 57 and 58: and/or non-deposition (including th
Page 59 and 60: hydrous mica clay are widespread as
Page 61 and 62: Dunite boulders are sporadically co
Page 63 and 64: GEOLOGICAL HAZARDSParts of the Kaik
Page 65 and 66: The Modified Mercalli Intensity sca
Page 67: Table 2. Mean return periods for ea
Page 71 and 72: Childerhouse, S.J.; Dawson, S.M.; S
Page 73 and 74: Holdaway, R.N.; Worthy, T.H. 1997:
Page 75 and 76: McPherson, R.I. 1988: Experimental
Page 77 and 78: Stewart, R.B. 1974: Geology of Mt M
Page 79: This map and text illustrate the ge
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