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22 nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting: Salt Water Intrusion in Aquifers: Challenges and Perspectivesy2.1 Field researchIn 2009, a field research was set up to monitor the effects of the coastal defence projects,especially the salt water intrusion, using different methodologies (focussed on both qualityand groundwater levels). The results formed an important input to the effect models(described below).Figure 3a shows the effects of the coastal defence projects on groundwater levels. The firstcoastal defence project resulted in a groundwater level rise of 5 metres in the dunes withindays. The pulse delayed and decreased while moving inland but was still almost 0.5 metre ata distance of 500 metres. These effects were temporary, although the depletion of the pulsetook around a month. The effect of building the Sand Engine in 2011 was much smaller;groundwater levels rose 20 centimetres in the coastal dunes (Hoogmoed, 2011). These effectswere only temporary. Models were used to determine the long term effects (Paragraph 2.2).Figure 3a: Groundwater level fluctuations due to coastal defence projects. Figure 3b Results of cone penetrationtests shown on aerial map (red and light blue are resp salt and fresh groundwater, dark blue is unsaturated.Also, cone penetration tests (CPT) were done after finishing the first coastal defence project.The results are shown in Figure 3b (DHV et al., 2010). Combining these results with thechemical signature of groundwater samples indicated that the salt water intrusion moved landinward between 25 and 100 metres (middle and southern cross section). The difference iscaused due to the shorter period between completion of the project and the measurements.2.2 Protecting the drinking water supplyThe field data was used to calibrate groundwater models which were then used to determinethe effects of the coastal defence projects (Artesia, 2011). It was generally concluded that thecombined projects would result in a seaward shift of the groundwater divide, which would intime lead to salinization of Duneas abstraction wells and land inward movement of apreviously controlled pollution plume (Figure 4a, left).In a study by DHV et al. (2010), different options for controlling or mitigating thehydrological effects were studied. From a hydrological point of view, creation of an extrainfiltration pond between the production area of Dunea and the dunes (with a water level130
22 nd Salt Water Intrusion Meeting: Salt Water Intrusion in Aquifers: Challenges and Perspectivesyhigher than the average high tide sea level) was the preferred option due to its effectivenessand technical simplicity. This was however not possible because Solleveld is a protectednature conservation area. An equally effective (but technically more demanding) solution wasthe construction of interception wells on top of the new dune ridge (28 in total). Figure4a(right) and b show model results regarding the effectiveness of this measure.Figure 4a: result of 2D-model on the left: salinization of abstraction well (circle) if no measure is taken, on theright: interception well prevents salinization of wells. Figure 4b: Streamlines visualize salt water intrusion andthe effectiveness of the interception wells (shown as dots near the sea). (Source: Artesia, 2011)An important uncertainty is the size and location of the Sand Engine in time, since it is built toerode and deposit along the coast. Morphological models have been made on the behaviourof the Sand Engine, but recent data (2012) already show a different behaviour than predicted.Therefore, operation of the interception system must be flexible enabling mitigation ofnegative effects of the coastal defence projects now and under future coastal dynamics. Theaccompanying (dynamic) monitoring plan plays an important role regarding this (Buma etal., 2012). It focuses on the effectiveness of the interception wells, but also on effects causedby unexpected behaviour of the system. Together, the interception system and monitoring planare expected to guarantee further sustainable use of the dunes of Solleveld for drinking waterproduction, as it was for over a hundred years before.REFERENCESArtesia Water (2011). Resultaten instationaire modelberekeningen beheersmaatregel. Artesia WaterB.V. (In Dutch only)Buma J.T., Hoogmoed M., Sissingh-Meijer G. (2012). Monitoringplan grondwater Solleveld enfunctioneren beheersmaatregel. Deltares. (In Dutch only)DHV and Artesia (2010). Beheersmaatregelen Delflandse Kust/Zandmotor/Dunea. DHV AC8545. (InDutch only)Hoogmoed M. (2011). Effectanalyse van Zandmotor en Kustversterking op duingebied Solleveld –managementsamenvatting. Dunea. (In Dutch only)131
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SWIM22 - 22 nd Salt Water Intrusion
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Local Supporting Organizing TeamMar
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Peter StuyfzandKiwa Water Research,
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PrefaceWelcome to the 22 nd Salt Wa
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SUMMARYKeynote Lectures pg 13Coasta
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Groundwater hypersalinization in a
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Hydrostratigraphic Study of Itaipua
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Keynote Lectures
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Effects of sea levelrise and climat
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Hans Sulzbacher 1 ; Helga Wiederhol
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Resistivity [Ωm]0.1 1 10 100 10000
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2. METHODS Figure 1a.
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4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSREFERE
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METHODS 51
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
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2. RESULTS, HOW TO GET THERE AND WH
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STUDY OF THE SALTWATER-FRESHWATER I
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4. DISCUSSION5. CONCLUSIONS67
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Hydrogeochemical and isotopicmethod
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Figure 1 Location map of study area
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Therefore, it was clarified that th
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Ruben Caljé 1 ; Frans Schaars 1 ;
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Figure 2: The modeled interface dep
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Selected case studies
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CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF DAR ES SALAAM Q
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1. INTRODUCTION 2. HYDROGEOCHEMI
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1,61,41,210,80,60,40,20H-3 (TU)Luiz
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Saltwater intrusionsAquifer partly
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U4Quakenbrück212
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Understanding of salinewater hydrod
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Marie Perriquet 1,2 ;Tiernan Henry
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTREFERENCES234
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1. INTRODUCTION2. EXAMPLE: UPCONING
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Figure 1. Computed density and mole
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Depth (m)22 nd Salt Water Intrusion
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