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INFORME ALTERNATIVO SOBRE LA SALUD EN AMERICA LATINAdelinquency, the abuse of drugs, alcoholism, corruption,but also in the elevation of others, which are lessvisible and less quantifiable, such as sadness and despair,but concretized in syndromes of clear depression,or masked by various forms of somatization. In theword of James Petras: "what has not received seriousattention is the psychological damage inflicted on salariedand contingent workers, which is in many aspectsas grave as material loss. The interviews, testimonies,and visits to communities reveal the mental pathologiesdue to unemployment, insecurity at work, and thedegradation of it. These pathologies are illustrated inthe rates of chronic depression, family ruptures, suicide,domestic violence, infant maltreatment, and increasedantisocial behavior, particularly if the unemployedare isolated or incapable of externalizing their hostilityand anger, by means of collective social action.The individual’ssocial and political impotence produces personalimpotence, and is expressed under the form ofloss of confidence, sexual disturbances, and the inversionof anger towards the interior, which causes selfdestructivebehavior.In my opinion," Petras states, "organization andcollective action, under the form of unemployed movements,communitarian social organizations, whichdemand collectively, have a positive effect not only onthe creation of new working opportunities, but fromthe therapeutic viewpoint as well. Collective strugglesenhance self-esteem and personal efficacy, form solidarity,and offer a social perspective, everything which reducesanomy." [Petras, 2002]As Petras states, "Mental health, more than a hereditarydisturbance or anchored in infantile experiences,is socially determined by the relations of power,which suggests that those who suffer mental illnessesor depression induced by unemployment, labor insecurity,or worsening of living standard, may access curethrough adult socializing (class conscience), either bycollective organization, or social action." [Petras, 2002]With the example of three American countriesof which there are reliable studies and current statisticson violent deaths in comparison to previous data,we will examine, in the subsequent paragraphs, the variationsof the epidemiological profile of mortality bycauses associated with depression and/or anguish.Wewill additionally begin documenting their possible connectionwith conditions typical of neoliberal macroeconomicand macropolitical exercise. And finally, wewill begin to experiment our hypothesis that says thatthe dynamics of present capitalism entail a psychopathogeniccapacity with no precedents in history. (Referto Table 1).As it is acknowledged, the rates of suicide withinAmerican countries in the past century evidence importantcontrasts. However, a tendency was noticeableof maintaining certain stability.At present, leaving asidethe case of Cuba (as this country exhibits an importantdecrease in the rates of suicide, while others display anincrease, but that deserves a contextualized analysis inthe scenery generated by the rigors of the criminal imperialblockade, as well as in the transition from capitalismto socialism, inevitably painful particularly for theproprietor classes), the majority of American countries,subjected one way or another to the pressures exercisedby the neoliberal model, have begun to show for approximatelytwenty-five years an unusual proliferationof suicide. In some cases the rates are so high they incitehealth professionals to use the term epidemic. Letus take notice, in Table 1, of the increments of suicidewithin countries such as Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, Mexico,Ecuador,Argentina and Costa Rica.In the beginning of 1980, Mexico had one of thelowest rates of suicide in the world, with 1,9 per100.000 inhabitants.Currently, according to a recentstudy [Puentes, López and Martínez, 2001], it reaches3,72. For instance, in Chiapas a rate of only 1,03 is registered–we have already suggested that Chiapas probablyillustrates the case of the protective effect of156
Observatorio Latinoamericano de Salud.TABLE 1ESTIMATED SUICIDE RATES (PER 100.00 INHABITANTS) ADJUSTED BY AGE IN SELECTEDCOUNTRIES, REGION OF THE AMERICAS, BEGINNING OF THE 80’S, END OF THE 90’S,ANDBEGINNING OF 2000.COUNTRYBEGINNINGOFTHE 80’SENDOF THE90’SBEGINNING OFFIRST DECADEOF 2000COUNTRYBEGINNINGOFTHE 80’SENDOF THE90’SBEGINNING OFFIRST DECADEOF 2000ArgentinaBrasilCanadáColombiaCosta RicaCubaChileEcuadorEl Salvador7.01.712.13.85.117.25.23.614.95.95.011.73.56.217.66.15.310.88.211.86.713.610.95.9Estados UnidosMéxicoNicaraguaPanamáParaguayPerúPuerto RicoRep.DominicanaUruguayVenezuela10.61.90.8 *2.82.90.59.43.06.110.69.73.512.25.33.72.37.32.113.95.510.44.16.37.815.0Source: La salud en las Américas, OPS. Edición de 2002. Las condiciones de salud en las Américas, OPS. Edición de 1990. CoreData Tabulator, PAHO. Elaboración:Arturo Campaña. *!974their organized struggle, with a consequent elevation ofself-esteem and reduction of anomy 1 - and that inCampeche (9,68) and Tabasco (8,47), the national meanis practically tripled. Correspondingly, in line with datafrom the INEGI, the suicide percentage compared tothe total violent deaths in the Mexican United Statesduring the first years of 2000, remains roughly between7 and 8 per hundred, while in Campeche, in Yucatán,and in Tabasco it approaches 20, 16, and 15 respectively,which would illustrate these as depressive States.Moreover, it is impossible not to associate thehigh suicide rates of Campeche and Tabasco with thedeepening of their marginalization, after the StructuralAdjustment imposed on Mexico by the World Bankand the International Monetary Fund, in combinationwith the application of the Free Trade Treaty withNorth America started in 1994. Along with Bulletin N.244 of "Chiapas al día" (Chiapas up to date) [CIEPAC,2001], eight out of ten of the states with greater degreeof marginalization within Mexico in 2001 belongto the South Southeast region.These states are, in descendingorder, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz,Puebla and Yucatán, Campeche and Tabasco.The same source affirms that the largest part ofthe South Southeast inhabitants are among the 50 millionsof poor people of the country; and that 83,9%1. Anomy: lack of moral standards in a society157
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PEOPLE’S HEALTH ASSEMBLY 2GLOBAL
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LATIN AMERICAN HEALTH WATCHAlternat
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12. Neoliberalism, Pesticide Use an
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Observatorio Latinoamericano de Sal
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Monopoly,Inequity and Health
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INFORME ALTERNATIVO SOBRE LA SALUD
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3The Right to Health and the Free T
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Institutionalizationof Violenceand
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