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Appendix II: Food Security Index (FSI) – A Methodological NoteAppendix II: Food Security Index (FSI) – A Methodological NoteAt the outset we must state that the Food Security Index is calculated for rural areas only. Al variablesconstructed in this section are for rural areas, unless otherwise specified.Here we have attempted to construct a Food Security Index (FSI) at the sub-state level, that is, thedistrict level. The district having a higher index value is considered as relatively more food secure ascompared to a district with a lower index value.Broadly, we have adopted Max-Min (range equalization method, REM) approach, adopted by UNDP(HDR 2005); and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). One of the objectives of the district FSI is toshow the district's position in various dimensions of food security.The FSI is a composite index covering three dimensions, i.e., Availability factors, Access factors,and Absorption factors. Besides these three groups of factors, an additional component i.e. publicentitlement has been used to explain how this influences food security. But the public entitlementfactor is not included in the indices of food security. The public entitlement policy is based on variousparameters which are supposed to be directly linked with food insecurity; the lower the level of foodsecurity, the greater should be public inter vention. In such a scenario, the direction of publicinterventions should run counter to the FSI, though it need not be so.For each of the dimensions, as discussed earlier, some relevant variables have been chosen.Table A 2.1: Choice of Indicators, Sources, Reference Year and Calculating Procedure in MaharashtraName of Variable and Description Sources Ref. Year(a) Availability1. Proportion of net irrigated area to net sown area Agricultural Statistical 1996-97Information,Maharashtra State,2002 (Part II)Page 3 & 252. Per capita value of agricultural output Department of 2002-03 toIn order to take into account the cyclical nature of Agriculture, 2004-05agricultural production the variable uses an average of three Government ofto five years depending on the availability of data. The Maharashtravalue of each food and non-food item is derived by Downloaded frommultiplying the amount of production with its price obtained http://agri.mah.nic.in/from all-India prices of these items at constant 1993-94 agri/stat/aspstat/prices. Adding the value of each and every food and mainframeagristat.htmnon-food item gives the overall value of agricultural outputfor a year. The per capita value of agricultural output iscalculated by dividing the average value of agriculturaloutput by total population in the midpoint year.3. Percentage of inhabited villages having access to Census of India, 2001 2001paved roads.This is calculated as a share of total number of villagesin the districtAPPEND IX II113
Name of Variable and Description Sources Ref. Year4. Percentage of forest area to total geographical area Directorate of 2000Agriculture,Government ofMaharashtra.(b) Access1. Percentage of agricultural labour to total workers. Census of India, 2001 2001Agricultural labour comprises both main and marginalworkers*2. Proportion of ST and SC population to total population* Census of India, 2001 20013. Dependency ratio Census of India, 2001 2001This is calculated as rural population in the age group(15-59) divided by the sum of (0-14) child population and59+ population.4. Per capita monthly consumption expenditure 61st NSS round 2004-05(inequality adjusted)The formula for inequality adjusted monthly per capitaconsumption expenditure (MPCE) is: MPCE*(1-Gini).5. Rural casual wage rate 61st NSS round 2004-05This is calculated as average daily wage rate for the agegroup 15-596. Women's literacy rate (7+) Census of India, 2001 2001Total female literate as a proportion of total femalepopulation for the 7 years and above.(c) Utilization1. Percentage of households having access to Census of India, 2001 2001safe drinking water.Here rural households with access to three sourcesof drinking water, such as tube well, tap and hand pumphave been considered.2. Percentage of inhabited villages having access Census of India, 2001 2001to a PHC (PHC facility within the village or within5 kms from the village)(d) Public Entitlement1. Percentage of midday meal beneficiaries out of total children Department of Rural September,The data for MDM is for rural and urban areas combined. Development, 2006To find out the value of this variable we have divided the Government oftotal MDM beneficiaries by the projected child population Maharashtra(Rural +Urban) in the age group (6-11) and multipliedthe ratio by 1002. Percentage of ICDS beneficiaries to total project population Department of Women May 2007Here we have taken only the SNP (supplementary nutrition and Childprogramme) beneficiaries. To find out the value of this Development,variable we have divided the SNP beneficiaries (pregnant Government ofand lactating women and children (0-6) age group) by total Maharashtrapopulation covered by the project.*The direction of these variables have been reversed to have a positive association with food security.114 FOOD SECURITY ATLAS OF RURAL MAHARASHTRA
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Food Security AtlasOfRURAL MAHARASH
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Copyright © 2010The UN World Food
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TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUPChairperson
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PrefaceIndia is home to more than a
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ContentsForewardPrefaceAcknowledgem
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List of Tables, Figures, Maps and B
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List of AbbreviationsADAPTAIDISAPLA
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Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryF
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capacities and knowledge.Measures t
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1. Introduction1. IntroductionIndia
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production. This portion of the con
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other states in the country. In lin
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Map 2.1: Maharashtra: Administrativ
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Table 2.2: Percentage Poverty Rates
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Table 2.6: Sectoral Composition of
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Table 2.8: Mortality and Nutritiona
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Table 2.11: Status of ConsumptionPe
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Children who are more than two stan
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Map 3.1: Food Security Outcome Map
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Table 3.3: Indicators used to Compu
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the ‘normal’ entitlements to fo
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to the dependent population 1 . Thi
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Table 3.4: Indicators Used to Analy
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4.2. ProductionTable 4.1: Growth of
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Box 4.1: Agricultural Production an
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Table 4.4: Extent of Irrigation in
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The state has a modest coverage (15
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Map 4.4: Status of Rural Connectivi
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Table 4.8: Indicators Used in Const
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5. Access to Food5. Access to FoodT
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Table 5.2: Rural Casual Wage Rate b
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5.3. Agricultural LabourersMaharash
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Table 5.7: Proportion of Scheduled
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Table 5.9: Ratio of Working Age Pop
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Table 5.11: Rural Female Literacy b
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poor food security situation. In Ma
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Table 5.14: Urbanization in Maharas
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This re gional patter n of migratio
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6. Food Absorption6. Food Absorptio
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Map 6.1: Access to Health Services
Page 92: Map 6.3: Food Absorption Map of Rur
Page 95 and 96: Table 7.1: Ranks of Districts on Co
Page 97 and 98: Map 7.2: Maharashtra: Priority Dist
Page 99 and 100: e improved through better rural con
Page 101 and 102: Box 7.1: National Policy for Farmer
Page 103 and 104: A part of the wastelands has also b
Page 105 and 106: development policy for forest-dwell
Page 107 and 108: Table 7.6: Index of Public Interven
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.7: MGNREGS Performance, All
Page 111 and 112: Another policy implication from the
Page 113 and 114: The list of activities taken up und
Page 115 and 116: Box 7.5: The Forest Rights ActThe S
Page 117 and 118: women’s land rights also increase
Page 119 and 120: Box 7.6: Ralegan Siddhi: A Village
Page 121 and 122: may not be a corresponding improvem
Page 123: Infants and Young ChildrenBox 7.8:
Page 126 and 127: frequent disruption in the supply o
Page 128 and 129: panchayats, the panchayats perform
Page 130: Table 8.1: Key Interventions in Pri
Page 133 and 134: Government of India (2007a), The Sc
Page 135: Srivastava, Ravi, 1997, “Rural La
Page 138 and 139: Thus, rights require state action w
Page 140: obligation of the state to provide
Page 145 and 146: The basic objective of using PCA is
Page 147 and 148: Appendix III: Index Value, Normativ
Page 149 and 150: Table A3.3:Index Values and Normati
Page 151: The Food Security Atlas of Rural Ma
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