The alphabet and pronunciation - Lodestone

More documents

Recommendations

Info

!apitro 9: Hejma pa"oThe infinitive1 To name an action or state without reference to person or time, we usea form of the verb called the infinitive. In English, infinitives are oftenexpressed with “to” (e.g., “to be”, “to eat”, “to speak”), but in Esperantothe infinitive has a distinctive ending: -i:! esti to be! paroli to speak! man"i to eat! sidi to sit! meti to put! stari to standNote: do not confuse this “to” with al, which expresses direction. Do notsay al man"i for “to eat”.2 In Esperanto, as in English, there are some verbs which need anotherverb in the infinitive to complete their meaning. For example, we don’tsay “I must something”, “I can something”, or “I am able something”, butrather “I must do something”, “I can do something”, “I am able to dosomething”.This “do”—with or without “to”—is the infinitive, and is translated byfari:! Mi devas fari ion.! I must (am obligated to) do something.! Mi povas fari ion.! I can (am able to) do something.In general, if two verbs come together, the second one will be infinitive,i.e., it will end in -i.Prepositions with an infinitive3# The ending “-ing” in English is often equal to an infinitive; so apreposition before an infinitive in Esperanto is usually translated by thecorresponding preposition in English plus a word ending in “-ing”:! Anstata$# Anstata" ripozi, li laboris.! Instead of! Instead of resting, he worked.! ! ! Anstata" iri hejmen, mi iris en kafejon.! ! ! Instead of going home, I went into a cafe.! Krom# Li vizitis min krom viziti vin.! Besides! He visited me besides visiting you.! ! ! Krom kanti li volis fajfi.! ! ! Besides singing he wanted to whistle.! Por# Mi ne havas tempon por ludi.# # # I don’t have time for playing. (to play)! ! ! Oni bezonas horojn por prepari man#on.! ! ! You need (one needs) hours to prepare a meal.! ! ! Mi iras al la butikoj por a%eti terpomojn.! ! ! I’m going to the shops to buy potatoes.Note: Por with an infinitive means in order to. As in the above examples,isn’t usually translated into English.! Sen# Li foriris sen diri ion.! ! ! He left without saying anything.! ! ! Mi ne povas movi la tablon sen fari bruon.! ! ! I can’t move the table without making a noise.
The ending -us4! The endings -as, -is, -os are used to express facts:! Mi estas viro.! I am a man.! Mi donis la monon al li.! I gave the money to him.! Ni atendos vin.! We will wait for you.When we express a conjecture, however—a mere thought or flight offancy—we use the one ending -us. The action or state is imaginaryanyway, so time does not usually enter into it:! Ho, se mi nur estus ri"a!! Oh, if only I were rich!! Ho, se mi nur havus la propran domon!! Oh, if only I had my own house! (for more about nur, see note 7.)5! -us is used particularly in conditional sentences, i.e., where thefulfillment of an action or state is dependent on a supposed, imaginedcondition:! Se mi estus ri"a, mi lo#us en domego.! If I were rich, I would live in a mansion.! Se vi lavus #in, #i estus pura.! If you washed it, it would be clean.6! As in English, -us is also used as a polite form to express a wish orrequest, as if it were just a passing thought:! Mi volus a"eti tiun jupon!! I’d like to buy that skirt!! $u mi povus havi tason da teo?! Could I have a cup of tea?! $u vi povus prunti al mi du dolarojn?! Could you lend me two dollars?Word order with nur and anka!7! The position of these two words makes a difference to the meaningof a sentence. Consider the statement:! Mi man#as ovojn diman"on matene.! I eat eggs on Sunday morning.If we put nur before each word in turn, we get five different meanings:1. Nur mi man#as ovojn diman"on matene.Only I (and nobody else) eat eggs on Sunday morning.2. Mi nur man"as ovojn diman"on matene.I only eat eggs (but don’t cook them etc.) on Sunday morning.3. Mi man#as nur ovojn diman"on matene.I eat only eggs (and nothing else) on Sunday morning.4. Mi man#as ovojn nur diman#on matene.I eat eggs only on Sunday (and on no other) morning.5. Mi man#as ovojn diman"on nur matene.I eat eggs on Sunday, but only in the morning.The position of anka$ similarly affects the meaning:! Maria vidos Andreon morga% matene.! Maria will see Andreo tomorrow morning.1. Anka$ Maria vidos Andreon morga% matene.Maria, too, (as well as her father) will see Andreo tomorrowmorning.
Page 2 and 3: Chapter 1: Familio kaj domo1! Nouns
Page 4 and 5: ! lernas! learn! lernejo! school (a
Page 6 and 7: !apitro 2: La "ambroAdjectives1! Th
Page 8 and 9: ! Kio estas tio?! What is that?! Ti
Page 10 and 11: DialogoKafo kun amikinoA neighbor,
Page 12 and 13: In comparing two ideas, kiel is tra
Page 14 and 15: Praktiko 3.4 Translate into English
Page 16 and 17: !apitro 4: LeteroPrepositions1! Pre
Page 18 and 19: 9! In order to differentiate “my
Page 20 and 21: S-ro * kaj s-ino Lang jam lernis la
Page 22 and 23: ke that (conjunction)kolegio colleg
Page 24: ! Li prenis la jakon de sur la hoko
Page 27 and 28: Names of smaller towns—especially
Page 29 and 30: 7. La roman!a estas la lingvo de Ru
Page 31 and 32: !apitro 6: La veter-prognozoImperso
Page 33 and 34: used in Esperanto than in English,
Page 35 and 36: Nova neĝodanĝero en SkotlandoHeli
Page 37 and 38: afabla kindaltgrada advanced (lit.
Page 39 and 40: 5 The following three suffixes are
Page 41 and 42: In other words, da is used if the p
Page 43: Praktiko 7.4: Traduku anglen:Kioma
Page 46: ! !i kantas plej bele." She sings m
Page 49 and 50: signifas, ke !i estas duone tielgra
Page 51: Kuratoro!Klara!Roberto!Kuratoro!"iu
Page 55 and 56: ! Li faris la malon.! He did the op
Page 57 and 58: Se vi uzas konservitajn legomojn el
Page 59 and 60: Praktiko 9.5: Traduku esperanten:Wh
Page 61 and 62: !apitro 10: La vivo de EinsteinThe
Page 63 and 64: Praktiko 10.1: Traduku anglen:Tiu v
Page 65 and 66: konceptojn pri la le!oj de launiver
Page 67 and 68: Rikardo!Klara!Rikardo!Klara!Rikardo
Page 69 and 70: ! ni estas falinta! we have fallen!
Page 71 and 72: ! Ju pli mi legas !in, des malpli m
Page 73 and 74: Praktiko 11.4: Traduku anglen:Per n
Page 75 and 76: Rikardo!Klara!Kia bona ideo! Kaj !u
Page 77 and 78: ! Mi renkontis la re!inon mem." I m
Page 79 and 80: Suffixes and prefixes8! The suffix
Page 81 and 82: Praktiko 12.4: Traduku anglen:Por f
Page 83 and 84: abonbileto season ticketadolto adul
Page 85 and 86: ! presita paperfolio! ! = a printed
Page 87 and 88: me. Since the pronoun in parenthese
Page 89 and 90: 1 “the man”, i.e. men in genera
Page 91 and 92: Klara!Rikardo!Marteno!1. Universala
Page 93 and 94: Elliptical usage4! This term refers
Page 95 and 96: ! kompreni to understand! miskompre
Page 97 and 98: Solvoj:!i tie vi cerbumas!1: Ne. La
Page 99 and 100: Andreo!Kaj se ne, ni devas peti per
Page 101 and 102: !apitro 15: Diversa"oj el la tuta m
Page 103 and 104:
Praktiko 15.2: Traduku esperanten:S
Page 105 and 106:
Praktiko 15.3 Traduku esperanten:I
Page 107 and 108:
taksio. La alia (fakte la unue salt
Page 109 and 110:
Marteno!Klara#Marteno!Klara!Oni ja
show all

The alphabet and pronunciation - Lodestone

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?