The alphabet and pronunciation - Lodestone

!apitro 11: Kelkaj reklamojActive participles1" We have seen how a noun can be made into an adjective by simplychanging the ending -o to -a:! floro a flower! flora floralBut if we want to give some idea of action to the simple describing word,we use the fuller ending -anta:! floranta flowering, flourishingFloranta is the active present participle of the verb flori (to flower,flourish). It is active and present because it describes what something isdoing at the present time.Note that it still remains an adjective describing a noun, although itdiffers from an ordinary adjective in that it also suggests action.The active past participle has the ending -inta, which means “havingdone (in the past)” the action indicated in the root:! ferminta having closedYou should notice the difference between this active past participle andthe passive past participle which you met in chapter 9, note 12:" ferminta having closed! fermita having been closed(You will meet the rest of the passive participles in chapter 13.)Now compare the meanings of these present and past active participles:! falanta falling! falinta fallen! fluganta flying! fluginta flown! kreskanta growing! kreskinta grown! mortanta dying! mortinta dead! pasanta passing! pasinta passed, past! pendanta hanging! pendinta hung, hanged! Mi vidis falantan arbon.! I saw a falling tree.! Li sidis sur falinta arbo.! He sat on a fallen tree.! Mi vidis mortantan muson.! I saw a dying mouse.! "i trovis mortintan muson.! She found a dead mouse.! Rapide pasantaj tagoj! Quickly passing days! Ne parolu pri pasintaj jaroj.! Do not speak of past years.Note: Like adjectives, the participles take -n and/or -j when required.The perfect tenses2" In order to emphasize that an action is finished and complete, we usein English the past participle with “have/has/had” to show the time. InEsperanto, we also use the past participle, but we use estas/estis/estos toshow the time. These “compound” tenses (formed with the verb esti anda participle ending in -inta) are called perfect tenses, as follows:The present perfect tense:! mi estas falinta! I have fallen! vi estas falinta! you have fallen! li estas falinta! he has fallen! #i estas falinta! she has fallen! $i estas falinta! it has fallen