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angry all the time. Jo believed he should be allowed to do what he wanted and gave a history ofschool truancy, staying out for nights at a time and mixing with an older Aboriginal group of boyswhere alcohol abuse, smoking marijuana and taking pills was a regular event. Jo felt he belongedwith this group of friends whereas at school he was the only Aboriginal student and the butt of racialtaunts. Issues of identity were also a major contribution to his distress.Behind the anger emerged a significant degree of depression with Jo describing himself as feelinghopeless and helpless about his life changing and believing he would be better off dead. He in factidentified his risk-taking behaviour as a ‘Russian roulette’ of possible death from taking too manypills. He also saw getting stoned as a way to escape his worries.Jo’s feelings of hopelessness were connected to his desire to look after his siblings and mum, but healso felt unable to do anything that prevented family breakdown. He often thinks about his father andwonders if life up north would be better. He has an idealised image of his father as his parentsseparated when he was very young. He wants to learn more about Aboriginal culture and feelssaddened and fatalistic about the lives of the young people around him in Melbourne.As far as his own life is concerned, unless some changes occur Jo is likely to become more depressedand drop out of the education system carrying again this cycle on to the next generation. In additionhis risk taking behaviour was escalating with the potential for suicide in the future.Sue Wasterval and colleagues, Victorian Koori Kids Mental Health Network,submission 766.
He was about 6 month becaus he was just sitting up. And we loved him verymuch. And my sister use to visit him on the veranda sitting in a cot but whenI use to visit him they told me that he was not my brother becaus I was a halfcast child and because of that they wouldnt let me see him because he was adark child same as my sister.Confidential submission 65, Tasmania: child fostered at 2 months in 1936.
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(c) examine the principles relevant
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The Inquiry’s recommendations are
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child. We’d like to take this bab
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The benefits that influenced the pa
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Confidential submission 843, Queens
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Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
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The Inquiry is aware that many othe
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Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
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appointed a Select Committee to inq
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The ‘protectionist’ legislation
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From this time on, States began ado
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For the Aboriginal child growing up
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3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
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Indigenous children from their fami
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1933 and to those resisting removal
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towards their people since the time
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By the late 1930s it was clear the
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Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
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had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
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She made us stay up late sewing, kn
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her family background made sure of
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and publicity that occurs with prop
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on the conditions under which Indig
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was rare for legal representation t
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whatever. Considering I come from a
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Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
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unacceptable or unchristian-like be
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government policy until at least 19
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Forcible separation through the dor
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ecome very frightened of her. We cl
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leave or escape from such reserve o
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and financial responsibilities.In 1
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Night is drawing nearThis always up
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several days later that she was adm
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than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
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6 Tasmania… there does not appear
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Ten years later few of the Islander
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with that. It was just the way of l
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in Tasmania. The idea being to even
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and my brothers and sisters.Confide
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domestic and farm work. Under the I
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If the police sent me only the most
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[In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
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‘neglect’ was not a justificati
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accepted into the state schools. Fr
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I never received any money from my
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Several more years passed and I sti
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8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
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South lobbied for the power to remo
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In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
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Confidential submission 112, South
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tried to place all Indigenous child
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culture was gone, our family was go
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Goldsmith, argued for the establish
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At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
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future ‘absorption’. He wanted
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The stated intentions of the missio
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The assembled children were loaded
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emoval only on a children’s court
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
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All the girls slept in one dormitor
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Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
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Totality of separationThe overwhelm
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When I first met my mother - when I
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Institutional conditionsThe living
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Confidential evidence, New South Wa
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Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
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A good home with a kindly mistress
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They had to - if they didn’t do i
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and babies, infants and young child
Page 149 and 150: Confidential submission 109, Queens
Page 151 and 152: We were constantly told that we did
Page 153 and 154: of religion to us. We used to have
Page 155 and 156: poverty. These in turn cause their
Page 157 and 158: He says looking within himself that
Page 159 and 160: Most families provide growing child
Page 161 and 162: (Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
Page 163 and 164: The effects of institutionalisation
Page 165 and 166: Confidential submission 126, Victor
Page 167 and 168: Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
Page 169 and 170: sense of being different from other
Page 171 and 172: The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
Page 173 and 174: The following table summarises the
Page 175 and 176: The effects of separation from the
Page 177 and 178: The policies of separation were oft
Page 179 and 180: It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
Page 181 and 182: aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
Page 183 and 184: Eventually I got married when I was
Page 185 and 186: The effects on family and community
Page 187 and 188: profound disadvantages (‘other li
Page 189 and 190: That’s also impacted on my own li
Page 191 and 192: Association in the Northern Territo
Page 193 and 194: I look at my son today who had to b
Page 195 and 196: Now I understand why Mum is the way
Page 197 and 198: emoved. More than one-third of thos
Page 199: Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
Page 203 and 204: articulated needs to trace their fa
Page 205 and 206: Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
Page 207 and 208: Bonds broken foreverEven for those
Page 209 and 210: I was in one of the cottages [in a
Page 211 and 212: the last she saw of him. She said t
Page 213 and 214: We kept in contact with one another
Page 215 and 216: Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All
Page 217 and 218: Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
Page 219 and 220: the kingdom. The law defended indiv
Page 221 and 222: Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
Page 223 and 224: The manner in which children were t
Page 225 and 226: page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
Page 227 and 228: Source: Appendices to this report.F
Page 229 and 230: understanding. Indigenous children
Page 231 and 232: Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
Page 233 and 234: Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
Page 235 and 236: The Convention confirmed that genoc
Page 237 and 238: the extent to which that intention
Page 239 and 240: y Australia in July 1949, came into
Page 241 and 242: 14 Making ReparationThe Government
Page 243 and 244: A human rights frameworkPrinciples
Page 245 and 246: (submission 754 page 50).The Broome
Page 247 and 248: (c) An official declaration or a ju
Page 249 and 250: There would be few Aboriginal peopl
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On behalf of our constituent nation
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It must be acknowledged that, no ma
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and effects of forcible removals.Ju
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[Thus] it will be the relevant indi
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The significance of Indigenous lang
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This recommendation extends only to
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general damages for the pain and su
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the United Nations Special Rapporte
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In relation to the compensation iss
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medical, psychological and social a
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It should be appreciated that the a
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Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
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Inquiry to examine all services app
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governments should confine their ro
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the history of forcible removal and
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16 Access to Personal and Family Re
Page 283 and 284:
Little effort has been made to iden
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What was very disturbing … was th
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through all of their files to disco
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Confidentiality provisions within t
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a former ward who was harmed or abu
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derogatory and racist language, so
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family history. Other agencies, how
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Non-discriminationThe arrangements
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Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
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implications’ of this task ‘sho
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That a consistent approach be adopt
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and access procedures so that they
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Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
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Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
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Royal Commission Recommendation 52
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can be kept to a minimum because of
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The SA Aboriginal Child Care Agency
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• consultation regarding record a
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operation.The funding constraints l
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States when James was six. The adop
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Confidential evidence 553, Northern
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expectations of two different cultu
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In other cases psychiatrists do not
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The need for trauma and grief couns
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worker is based at the State’s ps
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The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
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When we began [in 1991], we were se
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Most States and the Northern Territ
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Territory Health Service [must] rec
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services, Aboriginal and Islander C
Page 343 and 344:
It is a model that takes into accou
Page 345 and 346:
There are very strong and cogent ar
Page 347 and 348:
The effects of forcible removal are
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needed services. The point was clea
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Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
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me how to be a good mother. A year
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statements expressing understanding
Page 357 and 358:
Policy deficienciesThe general expe
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Likewise there can be cases where r
Page 361 and 362:
We have proposed that the churches
Page 363 and 364:
A further problem is that we alread
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issues with relevant communities’
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Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
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disappointment in the family is you
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when I got my holidays from work. S
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missing information in both of thes
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part of welfare practice. The forma
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integrated into the Aboriginal Chil
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Reliance on a view of culture as fi
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Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
Page 384 and 385:
were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
Page 386 and 387:
The protocol also provides for CSV
Page 388 and 389:
identified an urgent need for statu
Page 390 and 391:
Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
Page 392 and 393:
The assessment of prospective foste
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seen as pathological or dysfunction
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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Department of Social Security inacc
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acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
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have the scar today.I did not know
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22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
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of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
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and counselling is to ‘explore al
Page 410 and 411:
Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
Page 412 and 413:
In possession of this evidence, the
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Confidential submission 9, Queensla
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The criteria are alien to aborigina
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never got kicked out because she ne
Page 420 and 421:
23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
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• whether stability is to be pref
Page 424 and 425:
family member. Thus there is still
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judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
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without any legislative base. Howev
Page 430 and 431:
The Australian Institute of Crimino
Page 432 and 433:
While there are many occasions wher
Page 434 and 435:
However, NSW had the highest number
Page 436 and 437:
Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
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custody,• the Children’s Court
Page 440 and 441:
In addition Indigenous people gener
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wilderness trek with several weeks
Page 444 and 445:
submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
Page 446 and 447:
Responses to law and order problems
Page 448 and 449:
Arrests for public order offences s
Page 450 and 451:
legislation. The available evidence
Page 452 and 453:
also to provide greater control ove
Page 454 and 455:
had high proportions of Indigenous
Page 456 and 457:
alternative facilities. At times, n
Page 458 and 459:
communities and show no understandi
Page 460 and 461:
conferences lack specific time fram
Page 462 and 463:
Similarly, when questioned about th
Page 464 and 465:
Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
Page 466 and 467:
justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
Page 468 and 469:
[Significantly] contributes to on-g
Page 470 and 471:
The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
Page 472 and 473:
oys will have no family visits for
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people or to reduce the levels of p
Page 476 and 477:
Education (interim submission page
Page 478 and 479:
dispossession and marginalisation -
Page 480 and 481:
• the implicit or explicit interp
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their initiatives include programs
Page 484 and 485:
private dwellings, of which three-q
Page 486 and 487:
During the early part of the twenti
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always associated with the alienati
Page 490 and 491:
Because of their high unemployment
Page 492 and 493:
26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
Page 494 and 495:
ecognised international right of al
Page 496 and 497:
ange of possible outcomes other tha
Page 498 and 499:
Aboriginal local governing bodies r
Page 500 and 501:
submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
Page 502 and 503:
matter holding instead that ‘we m
Page 504 and 505:
‘internally legitimised tribal au
Page 506 and 507:
and/or the establishment of regiona
Page 508 and 509:
In 1992 the Council of Australian G
Page 510 and 511:
3. That negotiated agreements will
Page 512 and 513:
Recommendation 44: That the Council
Page 514 and 515:
It is not surprising, given the exp
Page 516 and 517:
inevitably face and be able to addr
Page 518 and 519:
ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
Page 520 and 521:
designed for Indigenous children mu
Page 522 and 523:
Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
Page 524:
currently sets out four principles
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