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have the scar today.I did not know I had brothers and sisters …I did not know I had brothers and sisters until I was aged twelve. I thought, ‘How come Idid not know about it? Where were they? How come they did not come and play withme?’. You did not really want to know them and find out Mum and Dad kept them andthrew you away. You’d realise your fears were true.Lake Condah Mission is where my parents came from. I suspect they grew up with theirparents. My parents moved around heaps, although my mother doesn’t now. We have alove/hate relationship. She loves me, but I hate her. I have never had a Birthday Card orChristmas Card. She is just a Mum in that she gave birth to me.At age eight I was adopted out to these white people. They had three children who werea lot older – in their thirties and forties. I get on with them well. They send me ChristmasCards and Birthday Cards. It is good having people like that, but sometimes you knowyou are not really part of the family. You feel you should not really be there, eg,‘Come along Lance we’re having a family photo taken’. I have not told them how I feel.They have tried real hard to make me feel part of the family, but it just won’t work.I got up to Year 11 at School. I got a lot of flak, ‘How come your parents are white?’. OnFather and Son Day, ‘Is he the Postman or what?’. It was pretty awkward. It was alwaysawkward. I was always a shy kid, especially among my Father’s friends. ‘Here is myson’. They would look at you. That look. ‘You’re still together?’. I remember waiting formy Mother at her work, which was a bakery. A bloke asked me, ‘Where is your Mum’?He searched for an Aboriginal lady. I wished God would make me white and thesepeople’s son instead of an adopted son.I still call them Mum and Dad. But when I go to my real Mum, I find it real hard to call hermy ‘Mum’ because she has just been another lady – OK a special lady. Mum’s Mum [ieadoptive mother] because she was there when I took my first push bike ride and went onmy first date.After Year 11, I got a couple of jobs. I got into heaps of trouble with the Police – drugsand alcohol. I could get my hands on it and escape and release my frustration. I sawPolice … their fault as well as with me being taken away from my family. Slowly thatdecreased because a couple of cops came to my place, just to see how I was doing andjust to talk to me. You can see the effects of stuff, such as alcohol, so I don’t drinkanyway. Alcohol took me away from my parents, who are chronic alcoholics. Mum is andDad was. It took my brother [car accident at 18 years, high blood alcohol reading].Three years ago I started taking interest in Koori stuff. I decided at least to learn theculture. I did not find the stereotype. I found that we understood what we were and thatwe were on a wave-length. I made a lot of friends and I am yet to make more. Itbecomes very frustrating. I am asked about a Koori word and I don’t know. You feel youshould know and are ashamed for yourself. I feel Koori, but not a real Koori in the waysof my people.
It is hard to say whether I was better off being taken away because the alternative neverhappened. I think the people I went with were better off economically and my educationwas probably better than what it would have been otherwise. I might have ended up injail. I may not have had two meals or none and fewer nice clothes and been less wellbehaved.If someone tried to remove my kids – over my dead body. I’d pack them up and movethem away. Not the shit I’ve been through – no.Confidential submission 154, Victoria: removed 1974.
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(c) examine the principles relevant
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The Inquiry’s recommendations are
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child. We’d like to take this bab
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The benefits that influenced the pa
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Confidential submission 843, Queens
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Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
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The Inquiry is aware that many othe
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Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
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appointed a Select Committee to inq
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The ‘protectionist’ legislation
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From this time on, States began ado
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For the Aboriginal child growing up
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3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
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Indigenous children from their fami
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1933 and to those resisting removal
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towards their people since the time
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By the late 1930s it was clear the
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Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
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had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
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She made us stay up late sewing, kn
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her family background made sure of
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and publicity that occurs with prop
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on the conditions under which Indig
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was rare for legal representation t
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whatever. Considering I come from a
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Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
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unacceptable or unchristian-like be
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government policy until at least 19
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Forcible separation through the dor
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ecome very frightened of her. We cl
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leave or escape from such reserve o
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and financial responsibilities.In 1
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Night is drawing nearThis always up
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several days later that she was adm
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than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
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6 Tasmania… there does not appear
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Ten years later few of the Islander
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with that. It was just the way of l
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in Tasmania. The idea being to even
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and my brothers and sisters.Confide
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domestic and farm work. Under the I
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If the police sent me only the most
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[In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
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‘neglect’ was not a justificati
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accepted into the state schools. Fr
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I never received any money from my
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Several more years passed and I sti
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8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
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South lobbied for the power to remo
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In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
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Confidential submission 112, South
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tried to place all Indigenous child
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culture was gone, our family was go
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Goldsmith, argued for the establish
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At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
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future ‘absorption’. He wanted
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The stated intentions of the missio
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The assembled children were loaded
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emoval only on a children’s court
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
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All the girls slept in one dormitor
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Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
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Totality of separationThe overwhelm
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When I first met my mother - when I
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Institutional conditionsThe living
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Confidential evidence, New South Wa
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Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
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A good home with a kindly mistress
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They had to - if they didn’t do i
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and babies, infants and young child
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Confidential submission 109, Queens
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We were constantly told that we did
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of religion to us. We used to have
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poverty. These in turn cause their
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He says looking within himself that
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Most families provide growing child
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(Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
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The effects of institutionalisation
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Confidential submission 126, Victor
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Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
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sense of being different from other
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The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
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The following table summarises the
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The effects of separation from the
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The policies of separation were oft
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It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
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aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
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Eventually I got married when I was
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The effects on family and community
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profound disadvantages (‘other li
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That’s also impacted on my own li
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Association in the Northern Territo
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I look at my son today who had to b
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Now I understand why Mum is the way
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emoved. More than one-third of thos
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Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
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He was about 6 month becaus he was
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articulated needs to trace their fa
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Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
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Bonds broken foreverEven for those
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I was in one of the cottages [in a
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the last she saw of him. She said t
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We kept in contact with one another
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Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All
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Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
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the kingdom. The law defended indiv
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Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
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The manner in which children were t
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page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
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Source: Appendices to this report.F
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understanding. Indigenous children
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Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
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Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
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The Convention confirmed that genoc
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the extent to which that intention
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y Australia in July 1949, came into
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14 Making ReparationThe Government
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A human rights frameworkPrinciples
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(submission 754 page 50).The Broome
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(c) An official declaration or a ju
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There would be few Aboriginal peopl
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On behalf of our constituent nation
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It must be acknowledged that, no ma
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and effects of forcible removals.Ju
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[Thus] it will be the relevant indi
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The significance of Indigenous lang
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This recommendation extends only to
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general damages for the pain and su
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the United Nations Special Rapporte
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In relation to the compensation iss
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medical, psychological and social a
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It should be appreciated that the a
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Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
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Inquiry to examine all services app
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governments should confine their ro
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the history of forcible removal and
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16 Access to Personal and Family Re
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Little effort has been made to iden
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What was very disturbing … was th
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through all of their files to disco
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Confidentiality provisions within t
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a former ward who was harmed or abu
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derogatory and racist language, so
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family history. Other agencies, how
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Non-discriminationThe arrangements
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Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
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implications’ of this task ‘sho
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That a consistent approach be adopt
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and access procedures so that they
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Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
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Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
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Royal Commission Recommendation 52
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can be kept to a minimum because of
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The SA Aboriginal Child Care Agency
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• consultation regarding record a
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operation.The funding constraints l
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States when James was six. The adop
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Confidential evidence 553, Northern
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expectations of two different cultu
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In other cases psychiatrists do not
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The need for trauma and grief couns
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worker is based at the State’s ps
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The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
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When we began [in 1991], we were se
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Most States and the Northern Territ
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Territory Health Service [must] rec
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services, Aboriginal and Islander C
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It is a model that takes into accou
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There are very strong and cogent ar
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The effects of forcible removal are
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needed services. The point was clea
Page 351 and 352: Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
Page 353 and 354: me how to be a good mother. A year
Page 355 and 356: statements expressing understanding
Page 357 and 358: Policy deficienciesThe general expe
Page 359 and 360: Likewise there can be cases where r
Page 361 and 362: We have proposed that the churches
Page 363 and 364: A further problem is that we alread
Page 365 and 366: issues with relevant communities’
Page 367 and 368: Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
Page 369 and 370: disappointment in the family is you
Page 371 and 372: when I got my holidays from work. S
Page 373 and 374: missing information in both of thes
Page 375 and 376: part of welfare practice. The forma
Page 377 and 378: integrated into the Aboriginal Chil
Page 379: Reliance on a view of culture as fi
Page 382 and 383: Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
Page 384 and 385: were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
Page 386 and 387: The protocol also provides for CSV
Page 388 and 389: identified an urgent need for statu
Page 390 and 391: Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
Page 392 and 393: The assessment of prospective foste
Page 394 and 395: seen as pathological or dysfunction
Page 396 and 397: It is not surprising, given the exp
Page 398 and 399: Department of Social Security inacc
Page 400 and 401: acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
Page 404 and 405: 22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
Page 406 and 407: of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
Page 408 and 409: and counselling is to ‘explore al
Page 410 and 411: Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
Page 412 and 413: In possession of this evidence, the
Page 414 and 415: Confidential submission 9, Queensla
Page 416 and 417: The criteria are alien to aborigina
Page 418 and 419: never got kicked out because she ne
Page 420 and 421: 23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
Page 422 and 423: • whether stability is to be pref
Page 424 and 425: family member. Thus there is still
Page 426 and 427: judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
Page 428 and 429: without any legislative base. Howev
Page 430 and 431: The Australian Institute of Crimino
Page 432 and 433: While there are many occasions wher
Page 434 and 435: However, NSW had the highest number
Page 436 and 437: Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
Page 438 and 439: custody,• the Children’s Court
Page 440 and 441: In addition Indigenous people gener
Page 442 and 443: wilderness trek with several weeks
Page 444 and 445: submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
Page 446 and 447: Responses to law and order problems
Page 448 and 449: Arrests for public order offences s
Page 450 and 451: legislation. The available evidence
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also to provide greater control ove
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had high proportions of Indigenous
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alternative facilities. At times, n
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communities and show no understandi
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conferences lack specific time fram
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Similarly, when questioned about th
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Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
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justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
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[Significantly] contributes to on-g
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The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
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oys will have no family visits for
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people or to reduce the levels of p
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Education (interim submission page
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dispossession and marginalisation -
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• the implicit or explicit interp
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their initiatives include programs
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private dwellings, of which three-q
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During the early part of the twenti
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always associated with the alienati
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Because of their high unemployment
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26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
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ecognised international right of al
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ange of possible outcomes other tha
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Aboriginal local governing bodies r
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submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
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matter holding instead that ‘we m
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‘internally legitimised tribal au
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and/or the establishment of regiona
Page 508 and 509:
In 1992 the Council of Australian G
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3. That negotiated agreements will
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Recommendation 44: That the Council
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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inevitably face and be able to addr
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ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
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designed for Indigenous children mu
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Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
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currently sets out four principles
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