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never got kicked out because she needed him to look after us basically.Twelve, thirteen was the age at when she decided like we’re uncontrollable, we’ve gotthis wrong with us, we’ve got that wrong with us, we’ve got diseases, we’re ill all thetime, we’ve got mental problems, we’ve got this, we’ve got that. She used to say that tous, that we had all these things wrong with us.Murray was the first to go. When he turned 13 he got booted out because she made outthat he had this wrong with him again. He stole things, he did this, he did that. He wentto an institution. So seeing that we’re Indigenous we all had the double effect: one wasadoption and one was institutionalisation.They took Murray. He went to [a Queensland boys’ home]. Murray got caught up in theprison scene because he started stealing and whatever. He was angry. He was in the<strong>Home</strong> for two years. He got involved in a few stealings and he had to go to Westbrookinstitution which is a lock-up.There’s a difference between care and protection and care and control. Where Murrayfirst went into care and protection and then he had to go into care and control.After that the next person to go wasn’t me. I wasn’t quite 12, 13, the uncontrollable age.Ivan, who was the one aged below me, wasn’t adopted properly. He was sort of fosteredin a way. There was a legal technicality there. So because he wasn’t adopted properly,another family took him over and he’s still with them today [now an adult].So I didn’t realise my time was coming, but basically when I hit the ages of 12 and 13 Iwas next to go. She met this new fellow. She wouldn’t marry him until I was out of thescene. She basically said, ‘Oh Graham is uncontrollable’. So she got rid of me as bestway she could without her feeling that she was doing wrong.Confidential evidence 441, New South Wales: Graham was placed in short term respite care buthis adoptive mother did not retrieve him. The court stepped in and an order for care andprotection was made in 1985. He was placed in the same boys’ home as his brother Murray. Hewas 13 years old. He remained in the <strong>Home</strong> until he turned 18. Having failed almost everysubject in secondary school, Graham is now about to complete a university degree.
I don’t want to have kids, not in this society. ‘Cause I reckon it’s cruel to have a child inthis society. If I was taken away, my mother must have been taken away from her mother,and if I was taken away from my mother, of course my child would be taken away fromme.Confidentialevidence 166, South Australia: woman fostered as a baby in the 1960s.
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(c) examine the principles relevant
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The Inquiry’s recommendations are
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child. We’d like to take this bab
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The benefits that influenced the pa
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Confidential submission 843, Queens
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Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
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The Inquiry is aware that many othe
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Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
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appointed a Select Committee to inq
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The ‘protectionist’ legislation
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From this time on, States began ado
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For the Aboriginal child growing up
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3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
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Indigenous children from their fami
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1933 and to those resisting removal
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towards their people since the time
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By the late 1930s it was clear the
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Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
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had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
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She made us stay up late sewing, kn
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her family background made sure of
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and publicity that occurs with prop
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on the conditions under which Indig
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was rare for legal representation t
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whatever. Considering I come from a
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Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
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unacceptable or unchristian-like be
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government policy until at least 19
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Forcible separation through the dor
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ecome very frightened of her. We cl
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leave or escape from such reserve o
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and financial responsibilities.In 1
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Night is drawing nearThis always up
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several days later that she was adm
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than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
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6 Tasmania… there does not appear
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Ten years later few of the Islander
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with that. It was just the way of l
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in Tasmania. The idea being to even
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and my brothers and sisters.Confide
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domestic and farm work. Under the I
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If the police sent me only the most
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[In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
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‘neglect’ was not a justificati
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accepted into the state schools. Fr
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I never received any money from my
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Several more years passed and I sti
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8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
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South lobbied for the power to remo
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In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
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Confidential submission 112, South
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tried to place all Indigenous child
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culture was gone, our family was go
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Goldsmith, argued for the establish
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At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
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future ‘absorption’. He wanted
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The stated intentions of the missio
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The assembled children were loaded
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emoval only on a children’s court
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
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All the girls slept in one dormitor
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Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
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Totality of separationThe overwhelm
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When I first met my mother - when I
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Institutional conditionsThe living
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Confidential evidence, New South Wa
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Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
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A good home with a kindly mistress
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They had to - if they didn’t do i
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and babies, infants and young child
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Confidential submission 109, Queens
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We were constantly told that we did
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of religion to us. We used to have
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poverty. These in turn cause their
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He says looking within himself that
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Most families provide growing child
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(Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
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The effects of institutionalisation
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Confidential submission 126, Victor
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Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
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sense of being different from other
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The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
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The following table summarises the
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The effects of separation from the
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The policies of separation were oft
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It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
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aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
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Eventually I got married when I was
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The effects on family and community
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profound disadvantages (‘other li
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That’s also impacted on my own li
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Association in the Northern Territo
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I look at my son today who had to b
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Now I understand why Mum is the way
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emoved. More than one-third of thos
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Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
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He was about 6 month becaus he was
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articulated needs to trace their fa
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Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
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Bonds broken foreverEven for those
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I was in one of the cottages [in a
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the last she saw of him. She said t
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We kept in contact with one another
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Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All
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Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
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the kingdom. The law defended indiv
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Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
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The manner in which children were t
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page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
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Source: Appendices to this report.F
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understanding. Indigenous children
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Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
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Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
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The Convention confirmed that genoc
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the extent to which that intention
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y Australia in July 1949, came into
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14 Making ReparationThe Government
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A human rights frameworkPrinciples
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(submission 754 page 50).The Broome
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(c) An official declaration or a ju
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There would be few Aboriginal peopl
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On behalf of our constituent nation
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It must be acknowledged that, no ma
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and effects of forcible removals.Ju
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[Thus] it will be the relevant indi
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The significance of Indigenous lang
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This recommendation extends only to
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general damages for the pain and su
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the United Nations Special Rapporte
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In relation to the compensation iss
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medical, psychological and social a
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It should be appreciated that the a
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Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
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Inquiry to examine all services app
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governments should confine their ro
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the history of forcible removal and
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16 Access to Personal and Family Re
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Little effort has been made to iden
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What was very disturbing … was th
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through all of their files to disco
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Confidentiality provisions within t
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a former ward who was harmed or abu
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derogatory and racist language, so
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family history. Other agencies, how
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Non-discriminationThe arrangements
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Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
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implications’ of this task ‘sho
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That a consistent approach be adopt
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and access procedures so that they
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Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
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Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
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Royal Commission Recommendation 52
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can be kept to a minimum because of
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The SA Aboriginal Child Care Agency
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• consultation regarding record a
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operation.The funding constraints l
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States when James was six. The adop
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Confidential evidence 553, Northern
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expectations of two different cultu
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In other cases psychiatrists do not
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The need for trauma and grief couns
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worker is based at the State’s ps
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The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
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When we began [in 1991], we were se
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Most States and the Northern Territ
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Territory Health Service [must] rec
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services, Aboriginal and Islander C
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It is a model that takes into accou
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There are very strong and cogent ar
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The effects of forcible removal are
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needed services. The point was clea
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Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
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me how to be a good mother. A year
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statements expressing understanding
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Policy deficienciesThe general expe
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Likewise there can be cases where r
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We have proposed that the churches
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A further problem is that we alread
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issues with relevant communities’
Page 367 and 368: Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
Page 369 and 370: disappointment in the family is you
Page 371 and 372: when I got my holidays from work. S
Page 373 and 374: missing information in both of thes
Page 375 and 376: part of welfare practice. The forma
Page 377 and 378: integrated into the Aboriginal Chil
Page 379: Reliance on a view of culture as fi
Page 382 and 383: Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
Page 384 and 385: were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
Page 386 and 387: The protocol also provides for CSV
Page 388 and 389: identified an urgent need for statu
Page 390 and 391: Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
Page 392 and 393: The assessment of prospective foste
Page 394 and 395: seen as pathological or dysfunction
Page 396 and 397: It is not surprising, given the exp
Page 398 and 399: Department of Social Security inacc
Page 400 and 401: acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
Page 402 and 403: have the scar today.I did not know
Page 404 and 405: 22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
Page 406 and 407: of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
Page 408 and 409: and counselling is to ‘explore al
Page 410 and 411: Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
Page 412 and 413: In possession of this evidence, the
Page 414 and 415: Confidential submission 9, Queensla
Page 416 and 417: The criteria are alien to aborigina
Page 420 and 421: 23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
Page 422 and 423: • whether stability is to be pref
Page 424 and 425: family member. Thus there is still
Page 426 and 427: judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
Page 428 and 429: without any legislative base. Howev
Page 430 and 431: The Australian Institute of Crimino
Page 432 and 433: While there are many occasions wher
Page 434 and 435: However, NSW had the highest number
Page 436 and 437: Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
Page 438 and 439: custody,• the Children’s Court
Page 440 and 441: In addition Indigenous people gener
Page 442 and 443: wilderness trek with several weeks
Page 444 and 445: submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
Page 446 and 447: Responses to law and order problems
Page 448 and 449: Arrests for public order offences s
Page 450 and 451: legislation. The available evidence
Page 452 and 453: also to provide greater control ove
Page 454 and 455: had high proportions of Indigenous
Page 456 and 457: alternative facilities. At times, n
Page 458 and 459: communities and show no understandi
Page 460 and 461: conferences lack specific time fram
Page 462 and 463: Similarly, when questioned about th
Page 464 and 465: Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
Page 466 and 467: justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
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[Significantly] contributes to on-g
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The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
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oys will have no family visits for
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people or to reduce the levels of p
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Education (interim submission page
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dispossession and marginalisation -
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• the implicit or explicit interp
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their initiatives include programs
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private dwellings, of which three-q
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During the early part of the twenti
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always associated with the alienati
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Because of their high unemployment
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26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
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ecognised international right of al
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ange of possible outcomes other tha
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Aboriginal local governing bodies r
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submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
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matter holding instead that ‘we m
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‘internally legitimised tribal au
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and/or the establishment of regiona
Page 508 and 509:
In 1992 the Council of Australian G
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3. That negotiated agreements will
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Recommendation 44: That the Council
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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inevitably face and be able to addr
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ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
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designed for Indigenous children mu
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Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
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currently sets out four principles
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