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Recommendations

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Recommendation 33b: That government funding for Indigenous preventive andprimary mental health (well-being) services be directed exclusively to Indigenouscommunity-based services including Aboriginal and Islander health services, childcare agencies and substance abuse services.Recommendation 33c: That all government-run mental health services work towardsdelivering specialist services in partnership with Indigenous community-basedservices and employ Indigenous mental health workers and community membersrespected for their healing skills.Staff trainingThe Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody recognised theimportance of training professionals dealing with Indigenous patients about Indigenoushistory with the expectation that a better and more appropriate service will be provided.Recommendation 154 addressed training of health professionals working in the prisonsystem.All staff of Prison Medical Services should receive training to ensure that they have anunderstanding and appreciation of those issues which relate to Aboriginal health, includingAboriginal history, culture and life-style so as to assist them in their dealings with Aboriginalpeople.Health professional trainingRecommendation 34a: That government health services, in consultation withIndigenous health services and family tracing and reunion services, develop in-servicetraining for all employees in the history and effects of forcible removal.Recommendation 34b: That all health and related training institutions, inconsultation with Indigenous health services and family tracing and reunion services,develop under-graduate training for all students in the history and effects of forcibleremoval.Indigenous people too will need appropriate training to meet the new demands ofworking within culturally appropriate models of well-being while at the same timeliaising with non-Indigenous professionals and services to obtain specialist assistance asneeded. The Curtin University, WA, counselling course offers one training model. Thecourse is designed, managed and directed by professional Indigenous staff and takes aholistic approach to mental health (Collard and Garvey 1994).Mental health worker trainingRecommendation 35: That all State and Territory Governments institute Indigenousmental health worker training through Indigenous-run programs to ensure culturaland social appropriateness.Parenting and family well-being
The effects of forcible removal are far-reaching and complex and often compoundedin subsequent generations. A focus simply on ‘mental health’ therefore is inappropriatefor two reasons. First, the concept is a western one which does not encompass theIndigenous perspective of social, spiritual and community well-being. Second, healingthe effects of forcible removal will require a number of inter-related strategies, only oneof which is clearly covered by the term ‘mental health’. All the effects of the removalpolicies need to be addressed including substance misuse, parenting skills deficits,impacts on physical well-being, children’s and youths’ behavioural disturbances and soon. We can understand all of these under the general rubric of rehabilitation whilerecognising that the need for rehabilitation will be felt by the people who were removed,their families including their own children and grandchildren and their communities as awhole.It is imperative that separation, identity issues and their effects on Aboriginal wellbeing are keptin the forefront as Aboriginal Mental Health Services are developed and implemented, and intraining Aboriginal Mental Health Liaison Officers (Link-Up (NSW) submission 186 page 159).A very significant continuing effect of the forcible child removal policies has beenthe undermining of parenting skills and confidence. Rebuilding these must be a priority.The 1993 National Aboriginal Mental Health Conference recommended that ‘culturallyappropriate Aboriginal family therapy programs be developed by Aboriginal Legal,Medical and Children’s Services’ (Swan and Raphael 1994 page 31).Most communities suggest the need for special programs to support young Aboriginal people andto redevelop parenting skills both in terms of child rearing generally and traditional practices(Raphael et al 1996 page 15).Submissions to the Inquiry from Indigenous organisations were very supportive ofthese programs.That parenting programs be developed and made available for carers who might benefit fromsuch programs. These programs must be provided from appropriate organisations such asAboriginal Child Care Agencies and must be developed and provided in a culturally appropriatemanner … That preventive family support programs be developed and run from accessibleorganisations such as Aboriginal Child Care Agencies (SA Aboriginal Child Care Agencysubmission 347 recommendations 7 and 9).Today there is a massive Koori Parenting crisis, which VACCA [Victorian Aboriginal Child CareAgency] confronts daily with parents in difficulties coping with their children, and in the manymanifestations of family violence. VACCA’s experienced workers perceive a strong link betweenchildren who do not receive adequate nurturing, consistent parenting, especially in their earliestyears, and their later violent behaviour in their family settings (Jenny Gerrand submission 578page 3).The 1995 report of the WA Taskforce on Families also identified the issue and
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(c) examine the principles relevant
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The Inquiry’s recommendations are
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child. We’d like to take this bab
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The benefits that influenced the pa
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Confidential submission 843, Queens
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Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
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The Inquiry is aware that many othe
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Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
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appointed a Select Committee to inq
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The ‘protectionist’ legislation
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From this time on, States began ado
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For the Aboriginal child growing up
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3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
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Indigenous children from their fami
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1933 and to those resisting removal
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towards their people since the time
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By the late 1930s it was clear the
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Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
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had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
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She made us stay up late sewing, kn
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her family background made sure of
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and publicity that occurs with prop
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on the conditions under which Indig
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was rare for legal representation t
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whatever. Considering I come from a
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Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
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unacceptable or unchristian-like be
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government policy until at least 19
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Forcible separation through the dor
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ecome very frightened of her. We cl
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leave or escape from such reserve o
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and financial responsibilities.In 1
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Night is drawing nearThis always up
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several days later that she was adm
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than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
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6 Tasmania… there does not appear
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Ten years later few of the Islander
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with that. It was just the way of l
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in Tasmania. The idea being to even
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and my brothers and sisters.Confide
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domestic and farm work. Under the I
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If the police sent me only the most
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[In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
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‘neglect’ was not a justificati
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accepted into the state schools. Fr
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I never received any money from my
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Several more years passed and I sti
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8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
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South lobbied for the power to remo
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In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
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Confidential submission 112, South
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tried to place all Indigenous child
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culture was gone, our family was go
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Goldsmith, argued for the establish
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At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
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future ‘absorption’. He wanted
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The stated intentions of the missio
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The assembled children were loaded
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emoval only on a children’s court
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
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All the girls slept in one dormitor
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Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
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Totality of separationThe overwhelm
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When I first met my mother - when I
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Institutional conditionsThe living
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Confidential evidence, New South Wa
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Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
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A good home with a kindly mistress
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They had to - if they didn’t do i
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and babies, infants and young child
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Confidential submission 109, Queens
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We were constantly told that we did
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of religion to us. We used to have
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poverty. These in turn cause their
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He says looking within himself that
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Most families provide growing child
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(Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
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The effects of institutionalisation
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Confidential submission 126, Victor
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Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
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sense of being different from other
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The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
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The following table summarises the
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The effects of separation from the
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The policies of separation were oft
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It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
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aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
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Eventually I got married when I was
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The effects on family and community
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profound disadvantages (‘other li
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That’s also impacted on my own li
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Association in the Northern Territo
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I look at my son today who had to b
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Now I understand why Mum is the way
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emoved. More than one-third of thos
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Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
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He was about 6 month becaus he was
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articulated needs to trace their fa
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Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
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Bonds broken foreverEven for those
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I was in one of the cottages [in a
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the last she saw of him. She said t
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We kept in contact with one another
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Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All
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Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
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the kingdom. The law defended indiv
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Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
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The manner in which children were t
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page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
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Source: Appendices to this report.F
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understanding. Indigenous children
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Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
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Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
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The Convention confirmed that genoc
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the extent to which that intention
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y Australia in July 1949, came into
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14 Making ReparationThe Government
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A human rights frameworkPrinciples
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(submission 754 page 50).The Broome
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(c) An official declaration or a ju
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There would be few Aboriginal peopl
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On behalf of our constituent nation
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It must be acknowledged that, no ma
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and effects of forcible removals.Ju
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[Thus] it will be the relevant indi
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The significance of Indigenous lang
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This recommendation extends only to
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general damages for the pain and su
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the United Nations Special Rapporte
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In relation to the compensation iss
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medical, psychological and social a
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It should be appreciated that the a
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Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
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Inquiry to examine all services app
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governments should confine their ro
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the history of forcible removal and
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16 Access to Personal and Family Re
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Little effort has been made to iden
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What was very disturbing … was th
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through all of their files to disco
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Confidentiality provisions within t
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a former ward who was harmed or abu
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derogatory and racist language, so
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Page 297 and 298: Non-discriminationThe arrangements
Page 299 and 300: Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
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Page 303 and 304: That a consistent approach be adopt
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Page 307 and 308: Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
Page 309 and 310: Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
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Page 313 and 314: can be kept to a minimum because of
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Page 317 and 318: • consultation regarding record a
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Page 321 and 322: States when James was six. The adop
Page 323 and 324: Confidential evidence 553, Northern
Page 325 and 326: expectations of two different cultu
Page 327 and 328: In other cases psychiatrists do not
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Page 331 and 332: worker is based at the State’s ps
Page 333 and 334: The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
Page 335 and 336: When we began [in 1991], we were se
Page 337 and 338: Most States and the Northern Territ
Page 339 and 340: Territory Health Service [must] rec
Page 341 and 342: services, Aboriginal and Islander C
Page 343 and 344: It is a model that takes into accou
Page 345: There are very strong and cogent ar
Page 349 and 350: needed services. The point was clea
Page 351 and 352: Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
Page 353 and 354: me how to be a good mother. A year
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Page 357 and 358: Policy deficienciesThe general expe
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Page 361 and 362: We have proposed that the churches
Page 363 and 364: A further problem is that we alread
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Page 367 and 368: Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
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Page 371 and 372: when I got my holidays from work. S
Page 373 and 374: missing information in both of thes
Page 375 and 376: part of welfare practice. The forma
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Page 379: Reliance on a view of culture as fi
Page 382 and 383: Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
Page 384 and 385: were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
Page 386 and 387: The protocol also provides for CSV
Page 388 and 389: identified an urgent need for statu
Page 390 and 391: Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
Page 392 and 393: The assessment of prospective foste
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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Department of Social Security inacc
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acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
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have the scar today.I did not know
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22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
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of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
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and counselling is to ‘explore al
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Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
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In possession of this evidence, the
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Confidential submission 9, Queensla
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The criteria are alien to aborigina
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never got kicked out because she ne
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23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
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• whether stability is to be pref
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family member. Thus there is still
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judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
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without any legislative base. Howev
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The Australian Institute of Crimino
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While there are many occasions wher
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However, NSW had the highest number
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Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
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custody,• the Children’s Court
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In addition Indigenous people gener
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wilderness trek with several weeks
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submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
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Responses to law and order problems
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Arrests for public order offences s
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legislation. The available evidence
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also to provide greater control ove
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had high proportions of Indigenous
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alternative facilities. At times, n
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communities and show no understandi
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conferences lack specific time fram
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Similarly, when questioned about th
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Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
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justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
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[Significantly] contributes to on-g
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The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
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oys will have no family visits for
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people or to reduce the levels of p
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Education (interim submission page
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dispossession and marginalisation -
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• the implicit or explicit interp
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their initiatives include programs
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private dwellings, of which three-q
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During the early part of the twenti
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always associated with the alienati
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Because of their high unemployment
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26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
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ecognised international right of al
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ange of possible outcomes other tha
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Aboriginal local governing bodies r
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submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
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matter holding instead that ‘we m
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‘internally legitimised tribal au
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and/or the establishment of regiona
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In 1992 the Council of Australian G
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3. That negotiated agreements will
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Recommendation 44: That the Council
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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inevitably face and be able to addr
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ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
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designed for Indigenous children mu
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Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
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currently sets out four principles
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