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She knew how to look after heryounger brothers and sister, keep houseand herself, her mother made sure of that.Her life was forcefully changed.She was parted from her brothers.White washed in a ‘new alien’ whiteway of thinking.She never really had a childhood,she went from baby clothes toGovernment uniforms, controlled by thetimes of day.Six o’clock, out of bed, wash, dress, work, breakfast,work, inferior schooling, home, change clothes, work,wash, tea, bed, nightmares, worry, little sleep,cry.Six o’clock, out of bed, wash …Talk like whites, behave like whites,pray like whites. Be white.She new her family for she was part of one,where she grew up, the things she did,the strong family she had, the old people,the stories of long ago, her ownidentity. Her mother.…She was rebellious, she neverconformed, they never broke her spirit,
her family background made sure of thatand they were always in her thoughts.Six o’clock, out of bed, wash ...........she endured many years of this spiritbreaking torture, punished, bashed, humiliated,starved.… James Miller 1994Extract from the poem Six o’Clock…Outa bed
Page 3 and 4: (c) examine the principles relevant
Page 5 and 6: The Inquiry’s recommendations are
Page 7 and 8: child. We’d like to take this bab
Page 9 and 10: The benefits that influenced the pa
Page 11 and 12: Confidential submission 843, Queens
Page 14: Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
Page 18 and 19: The Inquiry is aware that many othe
Page 21 and 22: Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
Page 23 and 24: appointed a Select Committee to inq
Page 25 and 26: The ‘protectionist’ legislation
Page 27: From this time on, States began ado
Page 30 and 31: For the Aboriginal child growing up
Page 33 and 34: 3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
Page 35 and 36: Indigenous children from their fami
Page 37 and 38: 1933 and to those resisting removal
Page 39 and 40: towards their people since the time
Page 41 and 42: By the late 1930s it was clear the
Page 43 and 44: Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
Page 45 and 46: had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
Page 47: She made us stay up late sewing, kn
Page 51 and 52: and publicity that occurs with prop
Page 53 and 54: on the conditions under which Indig
Page 55 and 56: was rare for legal representation t
Page 57 and 58: whatever. Considering I come from a
Page 59 and 60: Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
Page 61 and 62: unacceptable or unchristian-like be
Page 63 and 64: government policy until at least 19
Page 65 and 66: Forcible separation through the dor
Page 67 and 68: ecome very frightened of her. We cl
Page 69 and 70: leave or escape from such reserve o
Page 71 and 72: and financial responsibilities.In 1
Page 73 and 74: Night is drawing nearThis always up
Page 75 and 76: several days later that she was adm
Page 77 and 78: than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
Page 79 and 80: 6 Tasmania… there does not appear
Page 81 and 82: Ten years later few of the Islander
Page 83 and 84: with that. It was just the way of l
Page 85 and 86: in Tasmania. The idea being to even
Page 87 and 88: and my brothers and sisters.Confide
Page 89 and 90: domestic and farm work. Under the I
Page 91 and 92: If the police sent me only the most
Page 93 and 94: [In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
Page 95 and 96: ‘neglect’ was not a justificati
Page 97 and 98: accepted into the state schools. Fr
Page 99 and 100:
I never received any money from my
Page 101 and 102:
Several more years passed and I sti
Page 103 and 104:
8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
Page 105 and 106:
South lobbied for the power to remo
Page 107 and 108:
In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
Page 109 and 110:
Confidential submission 112, South
Page 111 and 112:
tried to place all Indigenous child
Page 113 and 114:
culture was gone, our family was go
Page 115 and 116:
Goldsmith, argued for the establish
Page 117 and 118:
At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
Page 119 and 120:
future ‘absorption’. He wanted
Page 121 and 122:
The stated intentions of the missio
Page 123 and 124:
The assembled children were loaded
Page 125 and 126:
emoval only on a children’s court
Page 127 and 128:
Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
Page 129 and 130:
All the girls slept in one dormitor
Page 131 and 132:
Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
Page 133 and 134:
Totality of separationThe overwhelm
Page 135 and 136:
When I first met my mother - when I
Page 137 and 138:
Institutional conditionsThe living
Page 139 and 140:
Confidential evidence, New South Wa
Page 141 and 142:
Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
Page 143 and 144:
A good home with a kindly mistress
Page 145 and 146:
They had to - if they didn’t do i
Page 147 and 148:
and babies, infants and young child
Page 149 and 150:
Confidential submission 109, Queens
Page 151 and 152:
We were constantly told that we did
Page 153 and 154:
of religion to us. We used to have
Page 155 and 156:
poverty. These in turn cause their
Page 157 and 158:
He says looking within himself that
Page 159 and 160:
Most families provide growing child
Page 161 and 162:
(Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
Page 163 and 164:
The effects of institutionalisation
Page 165 and 166:
Confidential submission 126, Victor
Page 167 and 168:
Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
Page 169 and 170:
sense of being different from other
Page 171 and 172:
The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
Page 173 and 174:
The following table summarises the
Page 175 and 176:
The effects of separation from the
Page 177 and 178:
The policies of separation were oft
Page 179 and 180:
It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
Page 181 and 182:
aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
Page 183 and 184:
Eventually I got married when I was
Page 185 and 186:
The effects on family and community
Page 187 and 188:
profound disadvantages (‘other li
Page 189 and 190:
That’s also impacted on my own li
Page 191 and 192:
Association in the Northern Territo
Page 193 and 194:
I look at my son today who had to b
Page 195 and 196:
Now I understand why Mum is the way
Page 197 and 198:
emoved. More than one-third of thos
Page 199 and 200:
Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
Page 201 and 202:
He was about 6 month becaus he was
Page 203 and 204:
articulated needs to trace their fa
Page 205 and 206:
Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
Page 207 and 208:
Bonds broken foreverEven for those
Page 209 and 210:
I was in one of the cottages [in a
Page 211 and 212:
the last she saw of him. She said t
Page 213 and 214:
We kept in contact with one another
Page 215 and 216:
Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All
Page 217 and 218:
Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
Page 219 and 220:
the kingdom. The law defended indiv
Page 221 and 222:
Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
Page 223 and 224:
The manner in which children were t
Page 225 and 226:
page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
Page 227 and 228:
Source: Appendices to this report.F
Page 229 and 230:
understanding. Indigenous children
Page 231 and 232:
Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
Page 233 and 234:
Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
Page 235 and 236:
The Convention confirmed that genoc
Page 237 and 238:
the extent to which that intention
Page 239 and 240:
y Australia in July 1949, came into
Page 241 and 242:
14 Making ReparationThe Government
Page 243 and 244:
A human rights frameworkPrinciples
Page 245 and 246:
(submission 754 page 50).The Broome
Page 247 and 248:
(c) An official declaration or a ju
Page 249 and 250:
There would be few Aboriginal peopl
Page 251 and 252:
On behalf of our constituent nation
Page 253 and 254:
It must be acknowledged that, no ma
Page 255 and 256:
and effects of forcible removals.Ju
Page 257 and 258:
[Thus] it will be the relevant indi
Page 259 and 260:
The significance of Indigenous lang
Page 261 and 262:
This recommendation extends only to
Page 263 and 264:
general damages for the pain and su
Page 265 and 266:
the United Nations Special Rapporte
Page 267 and 268:
In relation to the compensation iss
Page 269 and 270:
medical, psychological and social a
Page 271 and 272:
It should be appreciated that the a
Page 273 and 274:
Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
Page 275 and 276:
Inquiry to examine all services app
Page 277 and 278:
governments should confine their ro
Page 279 and 280:
the history of forcible removal and
Page 281 and 282:
16 Access to Personal and Family Re
Page 283 and 284:
Little effort has been made to iden
Page 285 and 286:
What was very disturbing … was th
Page 287 and 288:
through all of their files to disco
Page 289 and 290:
Confidentiality provisions within t
Page 291 and 292:
a former ward who was harmed or abu
Page 293 and 294:
derogatory and racist language, so
Page 295 and 296:
family history. Other agencies, how
Page 297 and 298:
Non-discriminationThe arrangements
Page 299 and 300:
Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
Page 301 and 302:
implications’ of this task ‘sho
Page 303 and 304:
That a consistent approach be adopt
Page 305 and 306:
and access procedures so that they
Page 307 and 308:
Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
Page 309 and 310:
Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
Page 311 and 312:
Royal Commission Recommendation 52
Page 313 and 314:
can be kept to a minimum because of
Page 315 and 316:
The SA Aboriginal Child Care Agency
Page 317 and 318:
• consultation regarding record a
Page 319 and 320:
operation.The funding constraints l
Page 321 and 322:
States when James was six. The adop
Page 323 and 324:
Confidential evidence 553, Northern
Page 325 and 326:
expectations of two different cultu
Page 327 and 328:
In other cases psychiatrists do not
Page 329 and 330:
The need for trauma and grief couns
Page 331 and 332:
worker is based at the State’s ps
Page 333 and 334:
The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
Page 335 and 336:
When we began [in 1991], we were se
Page 337 and 338:
Most States and the Northern Territ
Page 339 and 340:
Territory Health Service [must] rec
Page 341 and 342:
services, Aboriginal and Islander C
Page 343 and 344:
It is a model that takes into accou
Page 345 and 346:
There are very strong and cogent ar
Page 347 and 348:
The effects of forcible removal are
Page 349 and 350:
needed services. The point was clea
Page 351 and 352:
Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
Page 353 and 354:
me how to be a good mother. A year
Page 355 and 356:
statements expressing understanding
Page 357 and 358:
Policy deficienciesThe general expe
Page 359 and 360:
Likewise there can be cases where r
Page 361 and 362:
We have proposed that the churches
Page 363 and 364:
A further problem is that we alread
Page 365 and 366:
issues with relevant communities’
Page 367 and 368:
Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
Page 369 and 370:
disappointment in the family is you
Page 371 and 372:
when I got my holidays from work. S
Page 373 and 374:
missing information in both of thes
Page 375 and 376:
part of welfare practice. The forma
Page 377 and 378:
integrated into the Aboriginal Chil
Page 379:
Reliance on a view of culture as fi
Page 382 and 383:
Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
Page 384 and 385:
were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
Page 386 and 387:
The protocol also provides for CSV
Page 388 and 389:
identified an urgent need for statu
Page 390 and 391:
Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
Page 392 and 393:
The assessment of prospective foste
Page 394 and 395:
seen as pathological or dysfunction
Page 396 and 397:
It is not surprising, given the exp
Page 398 and 399:
Department of Social Security inacc
Page 400 and 401:
acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
Page 402 and 403:
have the scar today.I did not know
Page 404 and 405:
22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
Page 406 and 407:
of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
Page 408 and 409:
and counselling is to ‘explore al
Page 410 and 411:
Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
Page 412 and 413:
In possession of this evidence, the
Page 414 and 415:
Confidential submission 9, Queensla
Page 416 and 417:
The criteria are alien to aborigina
Page 418 and 419:
never got kicked out because she ne
Page 420 and 421:
23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
Page 422 and 423:
• whether stability is to be pref
Page 424 and 425:
family member. Thus there is still
Page 426 and 427:
judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
Page 428 and 429:
without any legislative base. Howev
Page 430 and 431:
The Australian Institute of Crimino
Page 432 and 433:
While there are many occasions wher
Page 434 and 435:
However, NSW had the highest number
Page 436 and 437:
Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
Page 438 and 439:
custody,• the Children’s Court
Page 440 and 441:
In addition Indigenous people gener
Page 442 and 443:
wilderness trek with several weeks
Page 444 and 445:
submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
Page 446 and 447:
Responses to law and order problems
Page 448 and 449:
Arrests for public order offences s
Page 450 and 451:
legislation. The available evidence
Page 452 and 453:
also to provide greater control ove
Page 454 and 455:
had high proportions of Indigenous
Page 456 and 457:
alternative facilities. At times, n
Page 458 and 459:
communities and show no understandi
Page 460 and 461:
conferences lack specific time fram
Page 462 and 463:
Similarly, when questioned about th
Page 464 and 465:
Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
Page 466 and 467:
justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
Page 468 and 469:
[Significantly] contributes to on-g
Page 470 and 471:
The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
Page 472 and 473:
oys will have no family visits for
Page 474 and 475:
people or to reduce the levels of p
Page 476 and 477:
Education (interim submission page
Page 478 and 479:
dispossession and marginalisation -
Page 480 and 481:
• the implicit or explicit interp
Page 482 and 483:
their initiatives include programs
Page 484 and 485:
private dwellings, of which three-q
Page 486 and 487:
During the early part of the twenti
Page 488 and 489:
always associated with the alienati
Page 490 and 491:
Because of their high unemployment
Page 492 and 493:
26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
Page 494 and 495:
ecognised international right of al
Page 496 and 497:
ange of possible outcomes other tha
Page 498 and 499:
Aboriginal local governing bodies r
Page 500 and 501:
submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
Page 502 and 503:
matter holding instead that ‘we m
Page 504 and 505:
‘internally legitimised tribal au
Page 506 and 507:
and/or the establishment of regiona
Page 508 and 509:
In 1992 the Council of Australian G
Page 510 and 511:
3. That negotiated agreements will
Page 512 and 513:
Recommendation 44: That the Council
Page 514 and 515:
It is not surprising, given the exp
Page 516 and 517:
inevitably face and be able to addr
Page 518 and 519:
ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
Page 520 and 521:
designed for Indigenous children mu
Page 522 and 523:
Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
Page 524:
currently sets out four principles
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