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We all adored our mother. She was petite, with long black hair down to herwaist. Her skin was soft and chocolate in colour, her big brown velvet eyeswere always full of love for all her children. She was a very outgoing caringwoman, extremely clean in her home and she kept herself and all we childrenimmaculate in appearance. She was always there for us, her arms wide tocomfort us when we were unhappy.Confidential evidence 332, Queensland.Even though at home you might be a bit poor, you mightn’t have much onthe table, but you know you had your parents that loved you. Then you’rethrown into a place. It’s like going to another planet.Confidential evidence 323, Tasmania.
Part 4ReparationKooris Come in All ColoursI know I’m a KooriI’ve learned from my kinbut sometimes I’m questionedon the colour of my skin.I’m questioned on this byboth black and whitemy culture and identityare my legal right.My AboriginalityI’ve searched for, so longbut doubts of othersmake it hard to belong.If you wouldn’t make judgementson just what you seethen maybe by chance you’ll see the real me.Carol Kendall
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(c) examine the principles relevant
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The Inquiry’s recommendations are
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child. We’d like to take this bab
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The benefits that influenced the pa
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Confidential submission 843, Queens
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Fair 23.4% 13.0%Poor 5.7% 2.4%Not s
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The Inquiry is aware that many othe
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Part 2Tracing the HistoryC h a p t
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appointed a Select Committee to inq
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The ‘protectionist’ legislation
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From this time on, States began ado
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For the Aboriginal child growing up
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3 New South Wales and the ACTAt Dar
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Indigenous children from their fami
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1933 and to those resisting removal
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towards their people since the time
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By the late 1930s it was clear the
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Mt Penang Training Centre [in the e
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had died.In Sydney my mother and Es
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She made us stay up late sewing, kn
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her family background made sure of
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and publicity that occurs with prop
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on the conditions under which Indig
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was rare for legal representation t
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whatever. Considering I come from a
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Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA
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unacceptable or unchristian-like be
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government policy until at least 19
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Forcible separation through the dor
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ecome very frightened of her. We cl
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leave or escape from such reserve o
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and financial responsibilities.In 1
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Night is drawing nearThis always up
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several days later that she was adm
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than an Aboriginal Penal Colony. Ou
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6 Tasmania… there does not appear
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Ten years later few of the Islander
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with that. It was just the way of l
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in Tasmania. The idea being to even
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and my brothers and sisters.Confide
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domestic and farm work. Under the I
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If the police sent me only the most
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[In 1926] came a visit from A.J. Ne
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‘neglect’ was not a justificati
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accepted into the state schools. Fr
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I never received any money from my
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Several more years passed and I sti
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8 South AustraliaThe general opinio
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South lobbied for the power to remo
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In 1936 David Unaipon spoke on the
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Confidential submission 112, South
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tried to place all Indigenous child
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culture was gone, our family was go
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Goldsmith, argued for the establish
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At The Bungalow in the 1920s about
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future ‘absorption’. He wanted
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The stated intentions of the missio
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The assembled children were loaded
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emoval only on a children’s court
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Department of Aboriginal Affairs wh
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All the girls slept in one dormitor
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Part 3Consequences of RemovalChapte
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Totality of separationThe overwhelm
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When I first met my mother - when I
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Institutional conditionsThe living
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Confidential evidence, New South Wa
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Sexual assaults reported by Inquiry
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A good home with a kindly mistress
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They had to - if they didn’t do i
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and babies, infants and young child
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Confidential submission 109, Queens
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We were constantly told that we did
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of religion to us. We used to have
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poverty. These in turn cause their
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He says looking within himself that
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Most families provide growing child
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(Wolkind and Rutter 1984 page 47).
Page 163 and 164: The effects of institutionalisation
Page 165 and 166: Confidential submission 126, Victor
Page 167 and 168: Helen Siggers, a former nursing sis
Page 169 and 170: sense of being different from other
Page 171 and 172: The Sydney Aboriginal Mental Health
Page 173 and 174: The following table summarises the
Page 175 and 176: The effects of separation from the
Page 177 and 178: The policies of separation were oft
Page 179 and 180: It is possible for Aboriginal peopl
Page 181 and 182: aged between 6 months and 7 years.]
Page 183 and 184: Eventually I got married when I was
Page 185 and 186: The effects on family and community
Page 187 and 188: profound disadvantages (‘other li
Page 189 and 190: That’s also impacted on my own li
Page 191 and 192: Association in the Northern Territo
Page 193 and 194: I look at my son today who had to b
Page 195 and 196: Now I understand why Mum is the way
Page 197 and 198: emoved. More than one-third of thos
Page 199 and 200: Mother Jenny:Jenny grew up in a cha
Page 201 and 202: He was about 6 month becaus he was
Page 203 and 204: articulated needs to trace their fa
Page 205 and 206: Quoted by Link-Up (NSW) submission
Page 207 and 208: Bonds broken foreverEven for those
Page 209 and 210: I was in one of the cottages [in a
Page 211 and 212: the last she saw of him. She said t
Page 213: We kept in contact with one another
Page 217 and 218: Two broad periodsBroadly speaking t
Page 219 and 220: the kingdom. The law defended indiv
Page 221 and 222: Jaggs 1986 page 7). However, no Sta
Page 223 and 224: The manner in which children were t
Page 225 and 226: page 211; see also Ex parte Earl of
Page 227 and 228: Source: Appendices to this report.F
Page 229 and 230: understanding. Indigenous children
Page 231 and 232: Nations Resolution of 1946, followe
Page 233 and 234: Article 2 states that,Everyone is e
Page 235 and 236: The Convention confirmed that genoc
Page 237 and 238: the extent to which that intention
Page 239 and 240: y Australia in July 1949, came into
Page 241 and 242: 14 Making ReparationThe Government
Page 243 and 244: A human rights frameworkPrinciples
Page 245 and 246: (submission 754 page 50).The Broome
Page 247 and 248: (c) An official declaration or a ju
Page 249 and 250: There would be few Aboriginal peopl
Page 251 and 252: On behalf of our constituent nation
Page 253 and 254: It must be acknowledged that, no ma
Page 255 and 256: and effects of forcible removals.Ju
Page 257 and 258: [Thus] it will be the relevant indi
Page 259 and 260: The significance of Indigenous lang
Page 261 and 262: This recommendation extends only to
Page 263 and 264: general damages for the pain and su
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the United Nations Special Rapporte
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In relation to the compensation iss
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medical, psychological and social a
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It should be appreciated that the a
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Part 5Services for Those AffectedEm
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Inquiry to examine all services app
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governments should confine their ro
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the history of forcible removal and
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16 Access to Personal and Family Re
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Little effort has been made to iden
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What was very disturbing … was th
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through all of their files to disco
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Confidentiality provisions within t
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a former ward who was harmed or abu
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derogatory and racist language, so
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family history. Other agencies, how
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Non-discriminationThe arrangements
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Adequate resourcesThe deployment of
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implications’ of this task ‘sho
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That a consistent approach be adopt
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and access procedures so that they
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Murri academic Henrietta Fourmile m
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Recommendation 29b: That the Counci
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Royal Commission Recommendation 52
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can be kept to a minimum because of
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The SA Aboriginal Child Care Agency
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• consultation regarding record a
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operation.The funding constraints l
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States when James was six. The adop
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Confidential evidence 553, Northern
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expectations of two different cultu
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In other cases psychiatrists do not
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The need for trauma and grief couns
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worker is based at the State’s ps
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The Yorgum Aboriginal Family Counse
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When we began [in 1991], we were se
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Most States and the Northern Territ
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Territory Health Service [must] rec
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services, Aboriginal and Islander C
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It is a model that takes into accou
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There are very strong and cogent ar
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The effects of forcible removal are
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needed services. The point was clea
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Carol[Carol’s grandmother was rem
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me how to be a good mother. A year
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statements expressing understanding
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Policy deficienciesThe general expe
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Likewise there can be cases where r
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We have proposed that the churches
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A further problem is that we alread
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issues with relevant communities’
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Part 6Contemporary SeparationsThere
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disappointment in the family is you
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when I got my holidays from work. S
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missing information in both of thes
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part of welfare practice. The forma
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integrated into the Aboriginal Chil
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Reliance on a view of culture as fi
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Non-Indigenous care for Indigenous
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were placed with non-Aboriginal fos
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The protocol also provides for CSV
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identified an urgent need for statu
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Inadequate consultation with AICCAs
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The assessment of prospective foste
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seen as pathological or dysfunction
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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Department of Social Security inacc
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acknowledged and addressed.Conclusi
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have the scar today.I did not know
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22 AdoptionThere can be little argu
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of care (Ban 1993 page 5).• The c
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and counselling is to ‘explore al
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Aboriginal child. The Aboriginal ag
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In possession of this evidence, the
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Confidential submission 9, Queensla
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The criteria are alien to aborigina
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never got kicked out because she ne
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23 Family LawFamily law plays a rol
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• whether stability is to be pref
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family member. Thus there is still
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judges (Nicholson 1995 page 13, Coo
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without any legislative base. Howev
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The Australian Institute of Crimino
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While there are many occasions wher
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However, NSW had the highest number
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Dec 95 254 481.1 491 25.0Mar 96 276
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custody,• the Children’s Court
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In addition Indigenous people gener
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wilderness trek with several weeks
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submission pages D-26 to D-28).West
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Responses to law and order problems
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Arrests for public order offences s
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legislation. The available evidence
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also to provide greater control ove
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had high proportions of Indigenous
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alternative facilities. At times, n
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communities and show no understandi
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conferences lack specific time fram
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Similarly, when questioned about th
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Repeat offendersRecent changes to s
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justice system’ (1995 page 69).Pu
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[Significantly] contributes to on-g
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The Inquiry was repeatedly told tha
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oys will have no family visits for
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people or to reduce the levels of p
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Education (interim submission page
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dispossession and marginalisation -
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• the implicit or explicit interp
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their initiatives include programs
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private dwellings, of which three-q
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During the early part of the twenti
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always associated with the alienati
Page 490 and 491:
Because of their high unemployment
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26 A New FrameworkAn entrenched pat
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ecognised international right of al
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ange of possible outcomes other tha
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Aboriginal local governing bodies r
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submission 309, Anglican Church Soc
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matter holding instead that ‘we m
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‘internally legitimised tribal au
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and/or the establishment of regiona
Page 508 and 509:
In 1992 the Council of Australian G
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3. That negotiated agreements will
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Recommendation 44: That the Council
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It is not surprising, given the exp
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inevitably face and be able to addr
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ureaucratic procedures (Homes for B
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designed for Indigenous children mu
Page 522 and 523:
Rule 8. RecordingEvery interview mu
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currently sets out four principles
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