6 Bases during the Cold War

Ocean surface surveillance47The U.S. had a number of systems – satellites, aircraft, ground stations and ships– for observing the world’s ocean surfaces, that is, for tracking Soviet warships,auxiliary intelligence ships, merchant and fishing vessels etc. Operationally, thegoal was to know the location of all Soviet ships at any time. In normal conditions,one major purpose was to track the itineraries of Soviet ships carryingarms to clients – this was a key item of intelligence. In crises or, hypothetically,at the outset of a major war, the hair-trigger, preemptive nature of modern navalwarfare – nuclear or non-nuclear – would have put a premium on real-time locationand targeting of rival fleets, in all weathers. Contrariwise, both sides wouldhave worked hard to devise methods for eluding detection, again, particularlyduring wartime conditions.Bases during the Cold War 121Table 8 Land-based SIGINT facilitiesCountryLocation/commentsAustraliaNorthwest CapeThe AzoresVilla NovaCanadaMassett, Argentia, Whitehorse, LeetrimChinaKorla, QtaiCubaGuantanamoCyprusFive StationsDenmarkBornholmDiego GarciaHondurasPalmerolaKwajaleinMidwayFDR GermanyAugsburg, Hof, a network called La Faire Vite to monitor WTOcommunications, and othersU.K.Cheltenham, Wincombe, Morwenstow, KirknewtonGreeceIraklion and Nea MakriIcelandKeflavik, StockknesItalySan Vito, Vicenza, TrevisoJapanMisawa, Camp Zama, Hakata, Sakata, Wakkanei, KamiseyaSouth KoreaYonchon, Camp Humphreys, Pyongtaek, Sinsan-ni, KangwhaMoroccoKenitrarNorwayVarda, Vadso, ViksofjelletOmanAl Khasab, Umm Al-Ranam IslandPanamaCorozol, Fort Clayton, Galeta IslandPakistanBada BienPhilippinesSan Miguel, Clark AB, John May CampOkinawaTori, Hanza, Sobe, Omna PointSpainRota, El Casar del TalamancaTaiwanShou Lin Kou, Tapeh, Nan Szu PuTurkeySinop, Dyarbakir, Samsun, Karamursel, Antalya, Agri, Kars,Edirne, AnkaraSource: SIPRI data, and J.T. Richelson and D. Ball, The Ties That Bind (Allen and Unwin: Boston,1985), appendix 1.İ 2007 Robert E. HarkavyPage 28