ecame a hot issue within Japan, and consideration was given to moving <strong>the</strong>troops to <strong>the</strong> Japanese mainland.U.S. Navy surface fleet bases11The U.S. Navy, throughout <strong>the</strong> <strong>Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>, utilized a number of major and minorbases for its surface fleets, most importantly, for aircraft carrier battlegroups.Several British ports were regularly used. Before France’s withdrawal fromNATO’s military structure in <strong>the</strong> 1960s, Villefranche was a frequent port of callfor U.S. ships, as were Barcelona, Livorno, Rota, Piraeus, Souda Bay on Creteand Izmir in Turkey, <strong>the</strong> latter a regional naval headquarters. Naples and nearbyGaeta provided a homeport and headquarters for <strong>the</strong> U.S. Sixth Fleet in <strong>the</strong>Mediterranean Sea.In <strong>the</strong> Persian Gulf, even well before <strong>the</strong> Iran–Iraq and Desert Storm conflicts,<strong>the</strong> U.S. homeported a small flotilla and had a headquarters for itsMIDEASTFOR in Bahrain. Naval deployments in and around <strong>the</strong> Persian Gulfwere upgraded in <strong>the</strong> late 1980s. Mombasa in Kenya and Djibouti <strong>the</strong>n becameports used frequently by <strong>the</strong> U.S. Navy.In <strong>the</strong> Far East, Yokosuka in <strong>the</strong> Tokyo Bay was long a hub of <strong>the</strong> U.S.Seventh Fleet, with its extensive drydocking capacity that could handle largenuclear-powered carriers. Sasebo on <strong>the</strong> Sea of Japan also hosted USN surfacevessels as well as attack submarines. And up to <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>, SubicBay in <strong>the</strong> Philippines was ano<strong>the</strong>r U.S. Navy main base, which was used tosupport operations in Vietnam and elsewhere in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia. Then, <strong>during</strong><strong>the</strong> 1980s, <strong>the</strong> Philippines began to eliminate U.S. use of its long-held naval andair bases. The U.S. considered replacement bases variously at Guam, Taiwan,Thailand and Australia, finally settling on extensive utilization of Singapore’s98 <strong>Bases</strong> <strong>during</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>İ 2007 Robert E. Harkavy<strong>Bases</strong> <strong>during</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong> 99Table 2 Main and secondary surface-ship and submarine operating bases of <strong>the</strong> U.S.Navy, as of late 1980sHost nation and baseDescriptionFor surface shipsJapanYokosukaMajor navy base, HQ for U.S. Naval ForcesJapan and homeport for aircraft carrier Midwayand about ten o<strong>the</strong>r 7th Fleet ships, available forcontingencies in West Pacific; also used bynuclear attack submarines; extensive dockfacilities, naval munitions maintenance andstorage, naval hospital, ship repairs includinglargest USN drydock west of CONUS; supplydepot.SaseboBase used jointly with Japan; naval ordnancefacility, docking storage facilities for 7th Fleet;homeport for a nuclear attack submarine, drydockcapacity for aircraft carriers, large-scale navalfuel storage, munitions storage for USMC.White Beach (Okinawa)Berthing and storage for 7th Fleet ships,occasional use by SSNs.TaiwanKaohsiungOccasional port use by U.S. ships.Guam (U.S. overseas possession)ApraMajor naval base; ship repairs, logistics wharf,explosives and fuel storage; formerly Polarishomeport for eight SSBNs; patrol boats and mineflotilla based here.PhilippinesSubic BayMajor USN base, HQ for U.S. Naval Forces,Philippines, major ship repair facility with fourfloating drydocks which can accommodate all butlargest aircraft carriers; piers and o<strong>the</strong>r supportfacilities – support 7th Fleet operationsthroughout West Pacific and Indian Ocean; 60percent of all 7th Fleet repairs performed here.AustraliaCockburn SoundPage 6
Australian base, can accommodate foursubmarines and four destroyers; possibleexpansion to accommodate carriers; U.S.considered homeporting a destroyer here; mostlypotential U.S. base, offered earlier as such byhosts; port calls at Hobart, Melbourne, Sydney,Brisbane, Darwin.ThailandSattahipMilitary port constructed by U.S.; major port ofentry for military supplies to U.S. bases inThailand; peaked at end of Vietnam <strong>War</strong>.Hong KongPeriodic port calls.SingaporeSembawangSome overhauls, reprovisioning for USN ships,potential for expanded use.İ 2007 Robert E. Harkavy100 <strong>Bases</strong> <strong>during</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Cold</strong> <strong>War</strong>Table 2 continuedHost nation and baseDescriptionSri LankaColomboAlleged use by U.S. for R&R.TrincomaleePort calls.DjiboutiPort calls by U.S. Indian Ocean task force;refueling and reprovisioning, no shore leave; U.S.leases fuel storage for own use.ReunionPort calls.SomaliaBerberaSome use by U.S. Indian Ocean task force;possible storage of matériel for rapid deploymentforce.MogadiscioU.S. improved facilities, port visits; possiblestorage of equipment and supplies for CentralCommand.OmanMuscat(Mina Qaboos)Restricted USN use by Indian Ocean task force;contingent use for Central Command in PersianGulf crisis.Mina RaysuttRestricted U.S. use.MasirahPort calls.BahrainAl JufairU.S. took over British facilities in 1949; nowhomeport for “Mideast Force” of four destroyers,communications, storage, barracks, berth,hangars, co-use of adjacent airfield; resupply ofIndian Ocean task force; low-key use because ofpolitical problems; quiet access for greatlyexpanded U.S. presence in 1987.KenyaMombasaU.S. port visits; possible pre-positioning ofmatériel for use in Southwest Asia.Diego GarciaU.S. naval support facilities; berths CentralCommand’s matériel storage ships; lagoondredged to create sufficient anchorage for acarrier battle group.MauritiusRumored USN port visits; R&R andreprovisioning.Azores (Portugal)Ponta DelgadaFuel storage; breakwaters; frequent visits byNATO warships.Page 7
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