Communications, Radar & Electronic Warfare (201.. - Index of

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Radar and Radar Jamming105...... ... .. ... ......... ..... . ........................ f .. . .. . .. ·G&_--------- ......... n ... ..P,..············· . .. .. = _nadar transrn\ --···· . . ·······.... \c_____ \ Target"4Radar transmit phaseRadar receive phaseFigure 7.4 Radar equation terms displayed graphically. Wavelength and spreading loss terms have notbeen included in the diagram.Pr.mm is effectively the minimum signal that will work in the noise experienced by thereceiver, which iswhereK = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38 x lO- 23 W/K.Ts = Receiver noise temperature in Kelvin (often = 290 K).Bn = Noise bandwidth of the receiver.The transmit power output by the radar generator may not be fully delivered to theantenna due to losses in the transmission lines. We can account for this by adding a termL to the equation. Also we can substitute for Pr•mm, giving:
106 Communications, Radar and Electronic WarfareThis equation is independent of the type of radar. To determine realistic values is itnecessary to consider the type of radar and refine the equation as necessary. We can do tlnsfor pulse radars by consideIing the detectability of the signal and also by applying acOlTection factor for the case where the transmit power bandwidth is not the same as thereceived power bandwidth due to filter nlismatch. The cOlTection for mismatched filtersdepends on the type of pulse transnlitted and the filter response to it. For matched filters,as would be expected in a modern system, this correction factor eB = 1.0.The detectability is expressed mathematically as:whereE,. = Received pulse energy.No = Noise power per unit bandwidth."[ = Pulse length = SI •IIThis gives the form of the fonTIula for pulsed radars:Finally, we can manipulate the formula to express it in more useful terms and replacingwavelength by frequency, which is often more convenient:The target cross-section is expressed in square metres (or when converted to logarithmicunits, dBsm). However, it must be noted that for any complex structure such as anaircraft or ship, the cross section will vary substantially dependent on the angle of theincidence of the radar energy. Figure 7.5 shows an illustration of the type of variationsof taJ'get cross-section we might expect from an aircraft or ship in the horizontal plane.The variations shown are not representative of any specific platform but rather aremeant to be indicative. Aircraft may have a slightly higher cross-section whenilluminated from the side, and this is normally more pronounced for ships. As thetarget is illuminated, changes in the target aspect will lead to large variations fromillumination to illumination. For this reason, target cross-section is often determinedand handled statistically.Target strength not only depends on the physical size of the target but also on thematerials of construction, the radar frequency, the target's shape and of course the
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COMMUNICATIONS,RADAR ANDELECTRONICW
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Content,6.3 Types of Communications
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xContents16.1.2 EMC Issues 26616.1.
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xiiContents20 Summary and Conclusio
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xivPrefaceI have provided some refe
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",iDiplexerdBddBiOEMOFDMEDownlinkDR
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xviiiGlos&aryNFDNSAOPOPTEMPOORE ATO
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Part OneBasic Theory
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4 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electro
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[ ntroductlon 7......Figure 1.4 A t
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Introduction 9IIIFigure 1.6 A naval
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Introduction 11• In many cases, p
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Introduction 13Typical equipment th
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Introduction 15into a suitable digi
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-
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Introduction 19For the communicatio
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Introduction21Table 1.5Antenna cOlT
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Introduction23(a) Clear radio line
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--Introduction2SFor microwave frequ
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2Management of the Radio Spectrum2.
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Management of the Radio Spectrum29I
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Management of the Radio Spectrum 31
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Management of the Radio Spectrum33H
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Management of the Radio Spectrum39\
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Management of the RadIO Spectrum 41
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Management of the Radio Spectrum-13
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46CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Electro
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48 Communications, Radar and Electr
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!I.1II,soCommunications, Radar and
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52 CommunIcations, Radar and Electr
Page 74 and 75: 54 COIllIllUIlICatiOnS, Radar and E
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Page 80 and 81: ..60(f)(f)o-lCommunications, Radar
Page 82 and 83: -----62Communications, Radar and El
Page 85 and 86: 4Radio Links in the Presenceof Nois
Page 87 and 88: Radio Links in the Preence of Noise
Page 89 and 90: Radio Links in the Presence of Nois
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Page 104 and 105: X-lFigure 5.4 Illustration of energ
Page 106 and 107: ---86 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Ele
Page 118 and 119: 1'1,----__ 1·_ >FrequencyDetected
Page 120 and 121: 100 Communications, Radar and Elect
Page 122 and 123: Radar and Radar Jamming103-- -- --
Page 126 and 127: 108Communications, Radar and Electr
Page 128 and 129: Radar and Radar Jamming109Vertical
Page 130 and 131: Radar and Radar Jamming111Displayte
Page 132 and 133: Radar and Radar Jammmg113ill;;:0D-0
Page 134 and 135: Radar and Radar Jamming 115oPhase +
Page 136 and 137: Radar and Radar Jamming 117Correlat
Page 138 and 139: Radar and Radar Jamming119Displayte
Page 140 and 141: Radar and Radar Jamming 121shows th
Page 142 and 143: Radar and Radar Jamming 123Advancin
Page 144 and 145: Radar and Radar Jamming125Basebands
Page 146 and 147: Radar and Radar Jammmg 127aircraft,
Page 148 and 149: Radar and Radar Jammmg12')j r .)11'
Page 150 and 151: Radar and Radar Jamming131(a)(c)c:C
Page 152: Radar and Radar Jamming 1337.5 Rada
Page 166 and 167: 9Predicting HF Radio9.1 Propagation
Page 168 and 169: Predicting HF Radio149Predicted sun
Page 170 and 171: Predicting HF Radio 151Range (km)Fi
Page 172 and 173: Predicting HF Radio153lOW. CM' '-'
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0.. iS·{)q'"0..o·..U1U1jJ .\R(PS
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Predicting HF Radio 157Remember tha
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10VHF to SHF Radio Prediction10.1 P
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..........................VHF to SH
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 163Sub-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction16530000
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction167Figur
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction169Fresn
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........VHF to SHF Radio Prediction
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144__VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 17
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction175Trans
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction177oTwo-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 179With
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 181with
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 183is d
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VHF to SHF Radio PredictIOn 185Tabl
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction187Table
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction189Table
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11Data Requirements for RadioPredic
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opofJ?:l(0..ac.3(0;::.en8'>;?:l0.o'
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Data Requirements for Radio Predict
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u&::::0(1)..0c:3(1)::;:;;3'..,:::0'
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t)poS':;0(1).n::.3(1);aV>8'...,:;0p
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o0.>;::,:l(!).g:r.-;::,:lOJ0..5"-0r
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==Data Requirements for Radio Predi
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Data Requlrement for RddJO Prcdlctl
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Data Requirements for RadIO Predict
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,I,Data Requirements for Radio Pred
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222 Communications, Radar and Elect
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13Planning Radio Networksfor Covera
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Planning Radio Networks for Coverag
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...Planning Radio Networks for Cove
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(((II/III/llcd)0):l:l:l[fQ:;00)9-:o
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Planntng RadIOetv.ork, for Covcrage
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14Interference Analysis14.1 Introdu
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Intelference Analysis249Received po
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Interference Analysis2510 ,-- -5-10
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Interference Analysis253Table 14.1
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Interference Analyls14.4 Different
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262CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electr
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264 CommuDlcation" Radar and Electr
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266 CommUnIcatIOns. Radar and Elect
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2M,------------- ------------ ---I:
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280 Communication5, Radar and Elect
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282CommunicatlOns, Radar and Electr
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2X4._---------_._--Despite these cl
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286 CommunicatlOns, Radar and Elect
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292 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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294 Communicat ions. Rauar anu Elec
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296 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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298Communications, Radar and Electr
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302 CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Elect
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(llll l Hlt (!I" tilL' \CIl\L' .Jll
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310COllllllunJCallon, Radar and Ele
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314 Commumcation, Radar and Electro
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316 Communication, Radar and Electr
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324 CommUI11Catlons, Radar and Elec
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18Non-CommunicationsElectronic Warf
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Non-Communications Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication Electronic Warfar
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...Non-Communications Electronic Wa
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)\;OIl-COllllllunlcatlOnplral radar
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Non-CommunicatIons ElectronIc Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication,; Electrolllc War
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations ElectronIC Warfa
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Non-CommUnIcatIOns ElectronIc Warfa
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19Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs1
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Coulltering RadlO-Colltrolled IEOsc
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 35
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Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs359
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 36
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs363
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COIllIllUlllcatlons. Radar and Elec
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372CllndllltJl'ily dnd !lemlJltl\'l
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Indexabsorption 53 , 160, 169-70act
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377cooperative 128cover 128deceptiv
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