Communications, Radar & Electronic Warfare (201.. - Index of

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o0.>;::,:l(!).g:r.-;::,:lOJ0..5"-0r..;0..s0'::0...Antenna gain responseAntenna height/altitudeAntenna azimuthAntenna tiltRotation speedHorizontal scan speedHorizontal scan rateHorizontal scan typeVertical ,can specdVertical scan rateVertical scan typePhased array number of main beamsPhased array number of clement,Powcr spectral densItyTx antenna PolarisationModulationModulation type,Pulse burst ratePulse burst durationNumber of pulses per bur,tPulse burst off timeBurst typePRFDuty cyclePower per pulsePulse compression methodPulse compression ratioRise timeFall timeFrequcncy gain rechemc,Sy,tem modulation typC'Obsenee! number of burlOn ratioObserved rise timeOb,erved fall time
202 Communications, Radar and Electronic WarfareAntenna size is heavily influenced by the frequency of operation, with antennasoperating at lower frequency and hence longer wavelengths being significantly largerthan those designed for higher frequencies. At HF, where the wavelength can be as longas 100 metres, skywave antennas can be large, although the simplest HF antenna is asimple piece of wire (the 'random wire' or 'long wire' antenna) raised as high abovethe ground as possible, so although it is physically long it is not heavy. However,directional HF antennas can be very large compared to those used in for examplemobile UHF communications.Table 11.5 shows the size of wavelength for different frequency bands. Thewavelength column is alTanged in the same order as the frequency, so that at 3 MHzthe wavelength is 100 metres and at 30 metres the wavelength is 10 metres.Antennas can be split into two distinct types; those designed to work omnidirectionallyand those designed to provide gain in one direction, i.e. directionalantennas.Practical omni-directional antennas provide the same energy in each direction,normally horizontally, but are not omni-directional in the vertical plane. This isnormally fine because in general communications, even for aeronautical applications,work mostly on or fairly near the horizon. Naturally, satellite antennas work verticallybut they are highly directional.The most commonly used omni-directional antenna type is a simple dipole,normally of either a half-or quarter wave of the transmission wavelength. Differenttypes of omni-directional antenna are shown in Figure 11.2.There are a large variety of directional antennas. Some coml11on types are shown inFigure 11.3. The gain of directional antennas varies according to design, with the sizeof the antenna versus the frequency being a very important factor. Also note thatalthough some are shO\vn with horizontal or vertical polarisation, they can be mountedat different angles to provide different radiated polarisation.Parameters often used to describe antenna characteristics are shown in Figure 11.4.The boresight is the direction of maximum gain. From that angle, the beamwidth canbe specified for any angle, and in this case the 3 dB and 10 dB beamwidths are shown.The angles of the sidelobes and nulls can also be expressed, where nulls are thepositions on minimum transmitted energy. The backlobe is the gain in the oppositeTable] 1.5Comparison of frequency and wavelengthFrequency band Frequency range (MH7) Wavelength (m)HF 3-30 100-10VHF 30-300 10-1UHF 300-3000 1-0.1SHF 3000-30 000 0.1-0.01EHF 30 000-300 000 0.01-0.001
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COMMUNICATIONS,RADAR ANDELECTRONICW
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Content,6.3 Types of Communications
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xContents16.1.2 EMC Issues 26616.1.
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xiiContents20 Summary and Conclusio
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xivPrefaceI have provided some refe
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",iDiplexerdBddBiOEMOFDMEDownlinkDR
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xviiiGlos&aryNFDNSAOPOPTEMPOORE ATO
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Part OneBasic Theory
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4 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electro
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[ ntroductlon 7......Figure 1.4 A t
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Introduction 9IIIFigure 1.6 A naval
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Introduction 11• In many cases, p
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Introduction 13Typical equipment th
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Introduction 15into a suitable digi
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Introduction 19For the communicatio
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Introduction21Table 1.5Antenna cOlT
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Introduction23(a) Clear radio line
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--Introduction2SFor microwave frequ
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2Management of the Radio Spectrum2.
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Management of the Radio Spectrum29I
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Management of the Radio Spectrum 31
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Management of the Radio Spectrum33H
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Management of the Radio Spectrum39\
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Management of the RadIO Spectrum 41
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Management of the Radio Spectrum-13
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46CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Electro
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48 Communications, Radar and Electr
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!I.1II,soCommunications, Radar and
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52 CommunIcations, Radar and Electr
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54 COIllIllUIlICatiOnS, Radar and E
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..60(f)(f)o-lCommunications, Radar
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-----62Communications, Radar and El
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4Radio Links in the Presenceof Nois
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Radio Links in the Preence of Noise
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Radio Links in the Presence of Nois
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X-lFigure 5.4 Illustration of energ
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---86 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Ele
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1'1,----__ 1·_ >FrequencyDetected
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100 Communications, Radar and Elect
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Radar and Radar Jamming103-- -- --
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Radar and Radar Jamming105...... ..
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108Communications, Radar and Electr
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Radar and Radar Jamming109Vertical
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Radar and Radar Jamming111Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jammmg113ill;;:0D-0
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Radar and Radar Jamming 115oPhase +
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Radar and Radar Jamming 117Correlat
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Radar and Radar Jamming119Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jamming 121shows th
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Radar and Radar Jamming 123Advancin
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Radar and Radar Jamming125Basebands
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Radar and Radar Jammmg 127aircraft,
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Radar and Radar Jammmg12')j r .)11'
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Radar and Radar Jamming131(a)(c)c:C
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Radar and Radar Jamming 1337.5 Rada
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9Predicting HF Radio9.1 Propagation
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Predicting HF Radio149Predicted sun
Page 170 and 171: Predicting HF Radio 151Range (km)Fi
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Page 174 and 175: 0.. iS·{)q'"0..o·..U1U1jJ .\R(PS
Page 176 and 177: Predicting HF Radio 157Remember tha
Page 178 and 179: 10VHF to SHF Radio Prediction10.1 P
Page 180 and 181: ..........................VHF to SH
Page 182 and 183: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 163Sub-
Page 184 and 185: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction16530000
Page 186 and 187: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction167Figur
Page 188 and 189: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction169Fresn
Page 190 and 191: ........VHF to SHF Radio Prediction
Page 192 and 193: 144__VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 17
Page 194 and 195: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction175Trans
Page 196 and 197: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction177oTwo-
Page 198 and 199: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 179With
Page 200 and 201: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 181with
Page 202 and 203: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 183is d
Page 204 and 205: VHF to SHF Radio PredictIOn 185Tabl
Page 206 and 207: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction187Table
Page 208 and 209: VHF to SHF Radio Prediction189Table
Page 210 and 211: 11Data Requirements for RadioPredic
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Page 214 and 215: Data Requirements for Radio Predict
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Page 218 and 219: t)poS':;0(1).n::.3(1);aV>8'...,:;0p
Page 222 and 223: ==Data Requirements for Radio Predi
Page 224 and 225: Data Requlrement for RddJO Prcdlctl
Page 230 and 231: Data Requirements for RadIO Predict
Page 234 and 235: ,I,Data Requirements for Radio Pred
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Page 241 and 242: 222 Communications, Radar and Elect
Page 248 and 249: 13Planning Radio Networksfor Covera
Page 250 and 251: Planning Radio Networks for Coverag
Page 252 and 253: ...Planning Radio Networks for Cove
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Page 262 and 263: Planntng RadIOetv.ork, for Covcrage
Page 266 and 267: 14Interference Analysis14.1 Introdu
Page 268 and 269: Intelference Analysis249Received po
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Interference Analysis2510 ,-- -5-10
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Interference Analysis253Table 14.1
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Interference Analyls14.4 Different
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262CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electr
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264 CommuDlcation" Radar and Electr
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266 CommUnIcatIOns. Radar and Elect
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280 Communication5, Radar and Elect
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282CommunicatlOns, Radar and Electr
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2X4._---------_._--Despite these cl
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286 CommunicatlOns, Radar and Elect
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292 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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294 Communicat ions. Rauar anu Elec
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296 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
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302 CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Elect
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(llll l Hlt (!I" tilL' \CIl\L' .Jll
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310COllllllunJCallon, Radar and Ele
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314 Commumcation, Radar and Electro
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316 Communication, Radar and Electr
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324 CommUI11Catlons, Radar and Elec
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18Non-CommunicationsElectronic Warf
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Non-Communications Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication Electronic Warfar
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...Non-Communications Electronic Wa
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)\;OIl-COllllllunlcatlOnplral radar
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Non-CommunicatIons ElectronIc Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-Communication,; Electrolllc War
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Non-CommunIcations Electronic Warfa
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Non-CommunIcations ElectronIC Warfa
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Non-CommUnIcatIOns ElectronIc Warfa
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19Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs1
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Coulltering RadlO-Colltrolled IEOsc
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 35
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Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs359
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 36
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs363
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COIllIllUlllcatlons. Radar and Elec
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372CllndllltJl'ily dnd !lemlJltl\'l
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Indexabsorption 53 , 160, 169-70act
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377cooperative 128cover 128deceptiv
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