Communications, Radar & Electronic Warfare (201.. - Index of

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296 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Electronic WarfareIn terms of designing an intercept/DF network, normally the following can be used tooptimise the design.• Try to minimise system coverage overlap unless it is necessary for other reasons.That way the least number of assets can provide the widest possible coverage.• Determining the operational requirements in particular identifying high prioritytargets and areas will help the design. For example, if targets are primarily urban,then rural coverage may be wasteful and should be avoided.• In all cases, it is very likely that each of the ES sensors will have to be able tocommunicate with each other. These links must be planned along with optimisationof sensor locations. There is no point in having the best possible coverage of enemyterritory for tactical detection and intercept if the information gathered cannot bedisseminated. However, passive strategic systems or systems designed for lateranalysis may not require Battlespace communications. Instead, data may berecorded and returned physically at certain intervals.We now go on to look at direction finding systems.17.3 Direction Finding Networks17.3. 1 In troductionDirection Finding (DF) is a method of identifying the bearing of a transmission viadetection means. If this is achieved by a number of correctly-positioned DF sensorssimultaneously, then the location of the transmission can be determined. An idealcase is shown in Figure 17.14. In this illustration, there are three DFs in a line - calledthe 'DF baseline' - and each receives a signal from the target emitter. Using the DFtechniques described in this chapter, they each get the bearing of the transmission. Whenthe data from all three DFs are collated, the target location can be deduced. Normally,this means that at least one location has to have a data feed from all three sensors.As ever, things are rarely this straightforward in practice. Physical and operationalinfluences often mean that the DF baseline is not straight as shown, but moreimportantly, the direction of the transmission will be less clear. This means that thetarget is not localised to a particular point, but rather a region within which thetarget is most likely to be. This is illustrated in Figure 17 .15. In this - far morecommon - scenario, the bearings will not agree but instead will lead to a 'cockedhat' . This is an old naval term originating from navigation errors in which bearingsof land features show an error and thus the ship's location is not explicitly knownbut there is a region of uncertainty which is known as a cocked hat. The most likelylocation is within or near the ellipse shown in the figure. In many cases, this is stilloperationally useful information because it is not always necessary to have targetlocation to a high degree of precision. Also, further analysis can be performed
Communications Electromc Warfare297- - - - - - - -IDF#1.f:Qj(f)ro.0LLoDF#2TargetlocationDF#3III1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1Figure 17.14The Ideal DF baseline.to localise the emitter more accurately or an aircraft can be sent to visually identifythe target.The location uncertainty is due to a number of factors all simultaneously having aneffect. These include:• DF system precision;• DF system positioning and configuration;• signal reflections from terrain or clutter such as large buildings;• atmospheric variations;• interfering transmissions.In this section, we will look at the history of direction finders, the types of DFavailable and some practical examples.17.3.2 History of Direction FindingThe principles of Direction Finding (DF) have been known since the early days of thescientific study of electromagnetic waves. Heinrich Hertz found out about the
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COMMUNICATIONS,RADAR ANDELECTRONICW
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Content,6.3 Types of Communications
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xContents16.1.2 EMC Issues 26616.1.
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xiiContents20 Summary and Conclusio
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xivPrefaceI have provided some refe
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",iDiplexerdBddBiOEMOFDMEDownlinkDR
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xviiiGlos&aryNFDNSAOPOPTEMPOORE ATO
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Part OneBasic Theory
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4 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electro
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[ ntroductlon 7......Figure 1.4 A t
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Introduction 9IIIFigure 1.6 A naval
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Introduction 11• In many cases, p
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Introduction 13Typical equipment th
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Introduction 15into a suitable digi
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-
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Introduction 19For the communicatio
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Introduction21Table 1.5Antenna cOlT
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Introduction23(a) Clear radio line
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--Introduction2SFor microwave frequ
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2Management of the Radio Spectrum2.
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Management of the Radio Spectrum29I
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Management of the Radio Spectrum 31
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Management of the Radio Spectrum33H
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Management of the Radio Spectrum39\
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Management of the RadIO Spectrum 41
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Management of the Radio Spectrum-13
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46CommUnICatIOns, Radar and Electro
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48 Communications, Radar and Electr
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!I.1II,soCommunications, Radar and
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52 CommunIcations, Radar and Electr
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54 COIllIllUIlICatiOnS, Radar and E
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..60(f)(f)o-lCommunications, Radar
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-----62Communications, Radar and El
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4Radio Links in the Presenceof Nois
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Radio Links in the Preence of Noise
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Radio Links in the Presence of Nois
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X-lFigure 5.4 Illustration of energ
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---86 CommunicatIOns, Radar and Ele
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1'1,----__ 1·_ >FrequencyDetected
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100 Communications, Radar and Elect
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Radar and Radar Jamming103-- -- --
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Radar and Radar Jamming105...... ..
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108Communications, Radar and Electr
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Radar and Radar Jamming109Vertical
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Radar and Radar Jamming111Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jammmg113ill;;:0D-0
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Radar and Radar Jamming 115oPhase +
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Radar and Radar Jamming 117Correlat
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Radar and Radar Jamming119Displayte
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Radar and Radar Jamming 121shows th
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Radar and Radar Jamming 123Advancin
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Radar and Radar Jamming125Basebands
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Radar and Radar Jammmg 127aircraft,
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Radar and Radar Jammmg12')j r .)11'
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Radar and Radar Jamming131(a)(c)c:C
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Radar and Radar Jamming 1337.5 Rada
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9Predicting HF Radio9.1 Propagation
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Predicting HF Radio149Predicted sun
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Predicting HF Radio 151Range (km)Fi
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Predicting HF Radio153lOW. CM' '-'
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0.. iS·{)q'"0..o·..U1U1jJ .\R(PS
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Predicting HF Radio 157Remember tha
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10VHF to SHF Radio Prediction10.1 P
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..........................VHF to SH
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 163Sub-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction16530000
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction167Figur
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction169Fresn
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........VHF to SHF Radio Prediction
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144__VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 17
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction175Trans
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction177oTwo-
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 179With
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 181with
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction 183is d
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VHF to SHF Radio PredictIOn 185Tabl
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction187Table
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VHF to SHF Radio Prediction189Table
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11Data Requirements for RadioPredic
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opofJ?:l(0..ac.3(0;::.en8'>;?:l0.o'
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Data Requirements for Radio Predict
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u&::::0(1)..0c:3(1)::;:;;3'..,:::0'
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t)poS':;0(1).n::.3(1);aV>8'...,:;0p
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o0.>;::,:l(!).g:r.-;::,:lOJ0..5"-0r
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==Data Requirements for Radio Predi
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Data Requlrement for RddJO Prcdlctl
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Data Requirements for RadIO Predict
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,I,Data Requirements for Radio Pred
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13Planning Radio Networksfor Covera
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Planning Radio Networks for Coverag
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...Planning Radio Networks for Cove
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(((II/III/llcd)0):l:l:l[fQ:;00)9-:o
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Planntng RadIOetv.ork, for Covcrage
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Page 266 and 267: 14Interference Analysis14.1 Introdu
Page 268 and 269: Intelference Analysis249Received po
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Page 272 and 273: Interference Analysis253Table 14.1
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Page 281 and 282: 262CommunicatIOns, Radar and Electr
Page 283 and 284: 264 CommuDlcation" Radar and Electr
Page 285 and 286: 266 CommUnIcatIOns. Radar and Elect
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Page 298 and 299: 280 Communication5, Radar and Elect
Page 300 and 301: 282CommunicatlOns, Radar and Electr
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Page 304 and 305: 286 CommunicatlOns, Radar and Elect
Page 310 and 311: 292 CommUniCatIOns, Radar and Elect
Page 312 and 313: 294 Communicat ions. Rauar anu Elec
Page 316 and 317: 298Communications, Radar and Electr
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Page 328 and 329: 310COllllllunJCallon, Radar and Ele
Page 332 and 333: 314 Commumcation, Radar and Electro
Page 334 and 335: 316 Communication, Radar and Electr
Page 342 and 343: 324 CommUI11Catlons, Radar and Elec
Page 345 and 346: 18Non-CommunicationsElectronic Warf
Page 347 and 348: Non-Communications Electronic Warfa
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Page 359 and 360: Non-Communication,; Electrolllc War
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Non-CommunIcations ElectronIC Warfa
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Non-Communications Electronic Warfa
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Non-CommUnIcatIOns ElectronIc Warfa
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19Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs1
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Coulltering RadlO-Colltrolled IEOsc
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 35
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Countering Radio-Controlled rEDs359
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs 36
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Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs363
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COIllIllUlllcatlons. Radar and Elec
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372CllndllltJl'ily dnd !lemlJltl\'l
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Indexabsorption 53 , 160, 169-70act
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377cooperative 128cover 128deceptiv
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